The oceans are an important component of Earth’s system and play a crucial role in climate change through the coupled atmosphere–ocean process. Observations are fundamental for studying and understanding the oceans. While in situ measurements are limited, satellites can remotely monitor oceans continuously for extended periods, with broad spatial coverages. These sustained in situ and remotely sensed observations are available for longer time periods; however, the later are limited to the surface ocean. Owing to the unavailability of subsurface observations, the limited studies could focus on understanding subsurface oceanic processes [e.g., subsurface flows and eddies, internal waves (IWs) and tides, undercurrents, and so on] and conducting comprehensive studies of the oceans, such as the recent warming of oceans.

中文翻译：

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RISC-HD：用于高效超维计算推理的轻量级 RISC-V 处理器


海洋是地球系统的重要组成部分，通过大气-海洋耦合过程在气候变化中发挥着至关重要的作用。观测是研究和了解海洋的基础。虽然原位测量有限，但卫星可以长时间连续远程监测海洋，并具有广泛的空间覆盖范围。这些持续的现场和遥感观测可在较长时间内获得；然而，后者仅限于表层海洋。由于缺乏地下观测，有限的研究可以集中于了解地下海洋过程[例如，地下流动和涡流、内波（IW）和潮汐、潜流等]并对海洋进行综合研究，例如最近海洋变暖。