The increasing legislative activity of the Union in the field of criminal law highlights the need for a normative justification of EU action in this area. The article first examines and compares the existing EU legislative grounds for criminalisation, coupled with EU criminal policy orientations, with the well-established criminalisation grounds recognised in criminalisation theory in order to distil what the underlying substantive criminalisation principles behind EU criminal law may be. This article then scrutinises ‘effectiveness’ as the potential normative principle of EU criminalisation. It is submitted that, within EU criminal law and policy, effectiveness has become a sort of ‘hybrid criminalisation principle’, joining pragmatic with seemingly normative criminalisation-legitimising considerations. However, the article argues that effectiveness should remain primarily conceptualised as a pragmatic criminalisation consideration, not as a normative substantive criminalisation principle that acts as the first and most important criminalisation criterion determining the content of what may be criminalised.

中文翻译：

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欧盟刑事定罪原则及其不同的规范强度：危害和有效性

欧盟在刑法领域日益增多的立法活动凸显了对欧盟在这一领域的行动进行规范辩护的必要性。本文首先检查并比较了现有的欧盟刑事定罪立法依据，以及欧盟刑事政策取向，以及刑事定罪理论中公认的完善的刑事定罪依据，以提炼出欧盟刑法背后潜在的实质性刑事定罪原则可能是什么。然后，本文将“有效性”作为欧盟刑事定罪的潜在规范性原则进行审查。据认为，在欧盟刑法和政策中，有效性已成为一种“混合犯罪化原则”，将实用主义与看似规范的犯罪化-合法化考虑相结合。然而，