There is considerable variability in developmental outcomes of children whose mothers experience depression. Few longitudinal studies have examined contributions of paternal involvement in the association between maternal postnatal depression (PND) and offspring development. We examined pathways from maternal PND at 8 weeks (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; total score) to offspring emotional and behavioral development at 7 years (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; total score) through behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions of paternal involvement in a U.K.-based birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; n = 3,434). Analyses were adjusted for baseline confounders and paternal PND (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; total score) as an intermediate confounder. Maternal PND was strongly associated with offspring development, but this association was not mediated by the combination of all indirect pathways through various dimensions of paternal involvement. Only father-child conflict emerged as a risk factor for adverse offspring development and as a mediator in the association between maternal PND and offspring development (albeit the effect size was small). If found causal, interventions that reduce father-child conflict may reduce the risk of adverse development in offspring of mothers with PND. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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英国出生队列中母亲产后抑郁症状和后代 7 岁时的情绪和行为发展：父亲参与的作用。

母亲患有抑郁症的孩子的发育结果存在很大差异。很少有纵向研究探讨了父亲参与对母亲产后抑郁症（PND）与后代发育之间关系的影响。我们通过英国父亲参与的行为、情感和认知维度，研究了从 8 周时母亲 PND（爱丁堡产后抑郁量表；总分）到 7 岁时后代情绪和行为发展（优势和困难问卷；总分）的路径。基于出生队列（雅芳父母和儿童纵向研究；n = 3,434）。对基线混杂因素和作为中间混杂因素的父亲 PND（爱丁堡产后抑郁量表；总分）进行了调整。母亲 PND 与后代发育密切相关，但这种关联并不是通过父亲参与的各个维度的所有间接途径的组合来介导的。只有父子冲突成为后代不良发育的危险因素，并作为母亲 PND 与后代发育之间关系的中介因素（尽管影响较小）。如果发现因果关系，减少父子冲突的干预措施可能会降低患有 PND 的母亲的后代发育不良的风险。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。