Imidazolium (IM) and cesium (Cs) were treated as A-site cationic additives for a triiodide tin perovskite solar cell (FASnI₃; FA, formamidinium) with sulfamic acid (SA) as a bifunctional additive in varied proportions. IM has a tight aromatic structure that is feasible to passivate the crystal defects and help in perovskite crystallization. Cs can stabilize the crystal structure and decrease trap state densities. TOF-SIMS measurements show the passivation effect of both IM and SA occurring on the surface of the film. The bifunctional SA additive can occupy the iodine vacancies in tin perovskites to passivate the uncoordinated Sn atoms and to passivate the surface defects effectively. Furthermore, SA has the effect of reducing Sn⁴⁺ back to Sn²⁺ via its ammonia/acid form converted from its zwitterionic form upon irradiation, as observed from in situ XPS measurements. The hybrid device was optimized to attain a PCE value of 12.5% for the perovskite structure Cs_0.02IM_0.1FA_0.88SnI₃+1% SA with superior, long-lasting stability.

中文翻译：

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用于锡钙钛矿太阳能电池的三阳离子和双功能氨基磺酸添加剂工程实现了 12.5% 的 PCE 值且无滞后

_{咪唑 (IM) 和铯 (Cs) 被视为三碘化锡钙钛矿太阳能电池（FASnI 3} ；FA，甲脒）的 A 位阳离子添加剂，氨基磺酸 (SA) 作为双功能添加剂以不同的比例处理。IM 具有紧密的芳族结构，可以钝化晶体缺陷并有助于钙钛矿结晶。Cs 可以稳定晶体结构并降低陷阱态密度。TOF-SIMS 测量显示了在薄膜表面发生的 IM 和 SA 的钝化效应。双功能SA添加剂可以占据锡钙钛矿中的碘空位，钝化未配位的Sn原子，有效钝化表面缺陷。^{此外，SA 具有将 Sn 4+}还原为 Sn ²⁺的作用正如从原位XPS 测量所观察到的，通过其氨/酸形式在辐照时从其两性离子形式转化而来。_{该混合器件经过优化，钙钛矿结构 Cs 0.02} IM _0.1 FA _0.88 SnI ₃ +1% SA的 PCE 值为 12.5%，具有卓越的持久稳定性。