Despite rapid advances in urban transit electrification, the progress of systematic planning and management of the electric bus (EB) fleet is falling behind. In this research, the fundamental issues affecting the nascent EB system are first reviewed, including charging station deployment, battery sizing, bus scheduling, and life-cycle analysis. At present, EB systems are planned and operated in a sequential manner, with bus scheduling occurring after the bus fleet and infrastructure have been deployed, resulting in low resource utilization or waste. We propose a mixed-integer programming model to consolidate charging station deployment and bus fleet management with the lowest possible life-cycle costs (LCCs), consisting of ownership, operation, maintenance, and emissions expenses, thereby narrowing the gap between optimal planning and operations. A tailored branch-and-price approach is further introduced to reduce the computational effort required for finding optimal solutions. Analytical results of a real-world case show that, compared with the current bus operational strategies and charging station layout, the LCC of one bus line can be decreased significantly by 30.4%. The proposed research not only performs life-cycle analysis but also provides transport authorities and operators with reliable charger deployment and bus schedules for single- and multi-line services, both of which are critical requirements for decision support in future transit systems with high electrification penetration, helping to accelerate the transition to sustainable mobility.

尽管城市交通电气化取得了快速进展，但电动公交车（EB）车队的系统规划和管理进展滞后。在这项研究中，首先回顾了影响新生 EB 系统的基本问题，包括充电站部署、电池大小、公交车调度和生命周期分析。目前，EB系统是按顺序规划和运行的，在公交车队和基础设施部署后才进行公交调度，导致资源利用率低或浪费。我们提出了一个混合整数规划模型，以尽可能低的生命周期成本 (LCC) 整合充电站部署和公交车队管理，包括所有权、运营、维护和排放费用，从而缩小最佳规划与运营之间的差距. 进一步引入了定制的分支和价格方法，以减少寻找最佳解决方案所需的计算量。实际案例分析结果表明，与现有公交运营策略和充电站布局相比，单条公交线路LCC可大幅降低30.4%。拟议的研究不仅进行生命周期分析，还为运输当局和运营商提供可靠的充电器部署和单线和多线服务的公交时刻表，这两者都是未来高电气化交通系统决策支持的关键要求，有助于加速向可持续交通的过渡。实际案例分析结果表明，与现有公交运营策略和充电站布局相比，单条公交线路LCC可大幅降低30.4%。拟议的研究不仅进行生命周期分析，还为运输当局和运营商提供可靠的充电器部署和单线和多线服务的公交时刻表，这两者都是未来高电气化交通系统决策支持的关键要求，有助于加速向可持续交通的过渡。实际案例分析结果表明，与现有公交运营策略和充电站布局相比，单条公交线路LCC可大幅降低30.4%。拟议的研究不仅进行生命周期分析，还为运输当局和运营商提供可靠的充电器部署和单线和多线服务的公交时刻表，这两者都是未来高电气化交通系统决策支持的关键要求，有助于加速向可持续交通的过渡。