Background

Even with the advancement in the areas of cancer nanotechnology, prostate cancer still poses a major threat to men’s health. Nanomaterials and nanomaterial-derived theranostic systems have been explored for diagnosis, imaging, and therapy for different types of cancer still, for prostate cancer they have not delivered at full potential because of the limitations like in vivo biocompatibility, immune responses, precise targetability, and therapeutic outcome associated with the nanostructured system.

Aim of review

Functionalizing nanomaterials with different biomolecules and bioactive agents provides advantages like specificity towards cancerous tumors, improved circulation time, and modulation of the immune response leading to early diagnosis and targeted delivery of cargo at the site of action.

Key scientific concepts of review

In this review, we have emphasized the classification and comparison of various nanomaterials based on biofunctionalization strategy and source of biomolecules such that it can be used for possible translation in clinical settings and future developments. This review highlighted the opportunities for embedding highly specific biological targeting moieties (antibody, aptamer, oligonucleotides, biopolymer, peptides, etc.) on nanoparticles which can improve the detection of prostate cancer-associated biomarkers at a very low limit of detection, direct visualization of prostate tumors and lastly for its therapy. Lastly, special emphasis was given to biomimetic nanomaterials which include functionalization with extracellular vesicles, exosomes and viral particles and their application for prostate cancer early detection and drug delivery. The present review paves a new pathway for next-generation biofunctionalized nanomaterials for prostate cancer theranostic application and their possibility in clinical translation.

中文翻译：

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用于前列腺癌治疗诊断的生物分子功能化纳米制剂

背景

即使癌症纳米技术领域取得了进步，前列腺癌仍然对男性健康构成重大威胁。纳米材料和纳米材料衍生的治疗诊断系统已被探索用于不同类型癌症的诊断、成像和治疗，但对于前列腺癌，由于体内生物相容性、免疫反应、精确靶向性等限制，它们尚未充分发挥潜力。与纳米结构系统相关的治疗结果。

审查目的

具有不同生物分子和生物活性剂的功能化纳米材料具有多种优势，例如针对癌性肿瘤的特异性、改善的循环时间以及调节免疫反应，从而实现早期诊断和在作用部位靶向递送货物。

审查的关键科学概念

在这篇综述中，我们强调了基于生物功能化策略和生物分子来源的各种纳米材料的分类和比较，以便其可用于临床环境和未来发展中的可能转化。这篇综述强调了在纳米颗粒上嵌入高度特异性的生物靶向部分（抗体、适体、寡核苷酸、生物聚合物、肽等）的机会，这可以在非常低的检测限下改善前列腺癌相关生物标志物的检测，直接可视化前列腺肿瘤及其治疗。最后，特别强调了仿生纳米材料，包括细胞外囊泡、外泌体和病毒颗粒的功能化及其在前列腺癌早期检测和药物输送中的应用。本综述为下一代生物功能化纳米材料在前列腺癌治疗应用及其临床转化的可能性铺平了一条新途径。