The relation between perceptual and conceptual knowledge is a longstanding research question in developmental psychology. Here we tested children's dependence on figurative information with a reaction time/accuracy task. A sample of 151 children from 5 to 10 years were assessed from two multicultural and multiracial schools in the London (UK) boroughs City of London and Harrow. A quarter of children in both schools were eligible for free school meals (national average 18.5%). The same 3 × 3 grid with nine individually colored places and a uniform black star as placeholder was tested in three different retrieval conditions: (a) same array as during presentation, (b) one place at a time with placeholder, and (c) one place at a time without placeholder. In a (d) control condition, individual shapes were of the same color as the colorful places. Bayes Factor analyses showed a more unified response toward figurative placeholders in 5- to 6-year-olds. Independently of age, colorful places without a placeholder were hardest to remember. Places were better remembered when a placeholder was added and still better when the spatial context of the entire array was available. Yet unique shapes with distinctive contours and colors as placeholders optimized place memory the most. While place memory accuracy increased with age, reaction times did not become faster. Instead, latencies were longer, the more visual information was available in the retrieval array. A larger perceptual effect was caused by the dynamic where-delay interference task, the sparser the amount of visual information in the retrieval array. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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孩子们对色彩缤纷的地方的记忆中丰富而稀疏的比喻信息。

感性知识和概念性知识之间的关系是发展心理学中长期存在的研究问题。在这里，我们通过反应时间/准确性任务测试了孩子们对比喻信息的依赖。对来自英国伦敦市和哈罗区两所多元文化和多种族学校的 151 名 5 至 10 岁儿童进行了样本评估。两所学校都有四分之一的儿童有资格享受免费校餐（全国平均比例为 18.5%）。在三种不同的检索条件下测试了相同的 3 × 3 网格，其中有九个单独着色的位置和一个统一的黑色星作为占位符：（a）与演示期间相同的阵列，（b）带有占位符的一次一个位置，以及（c）一次一个地方，没有占位符。在（d）控制条件下，各个形状与彩色区域的颜色相同。贝叶斯因子分析显示 5 至 6 岁儿童对比喻占位符的反应更加统一。与年龄无关，没有占位符的色彩缤纷的地方是最难记住的。添加占位符时可以更好地记住位置，并且当整个数组的空间上下文可用时效果更好。然而，具有独特轮廓和颜色的独特形状作为占位符最能优化位置记忆。虽然位置记忆的准确性随着年龄的增长而增加，但反应时间并没有变得更快。相反，延迟越长，检索阵列中可用的视觉信息就越多。动态延迟干扰任务引起的感知效果越大，检索阵列中的视觉信息量越稀疏。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。