This article presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of international studies on the effects of parent training programs (PTP) on antisocial behavior (ASB) in children and adolescents. From systematic literature searches of 7219 reports, we finally selected 239 eligible reports with 241 independent studies and 279 comparisons between a program and a control condition up to the publication year 2020. Although most interventions were based on a cognitive-behavioral approach, we also found a great variety of programs and applications. Overall, the mean effect for PTP was positive for parent/family and ASB outcomes (d = 0.46 and d = 0.47, respectively using the random effect model at postintervention). We also found higher effects on more proximal parental outcomes such as parental stress, parental competencies, and parent–child interaction/relation. However, more distal outcomes such as marital satisfaction or parent psychopathology revealed lower effect sizes. In addition, the link between changes in parental/family outcomes and changes in ASB was significant across several outcome types, thus confirming the general causal assumption of PTP. Postintervention effects were stable across several moderators, although clinical applications revealed slightly higher effect sizes than preventive applications. Several findings cast some doubt on these generally positive results: For example, effect sizes decreased considerably in not only short- (3 to 12 months) but also especially long-term follow ups (12 months or more), and the vast majority of outcome assessments stemmed from parent ratings. Finally, we found a clear negative connection between sample and effect size. Whether this is due to publication bias or indicates a better implementation quality in smaller studies remains an open question.

本文对有关父母培训计划 (PTP) 对儿童和青少年反社会行为 (ASB) 影响的国际研究进行了全面的荟萃分析。从 7219 份报告的系统文献检索中，我们最终选择了 239 份符合条件的报告，其中包括 241 项独立研究以及截至 2020 年出版年的项目和控制条件之间的 279 项比较。虽然大多数干预措施是基于认知行为方法，但我们还发现种类繁多的程序和应用程序。总体而言，PTP 的平均效应对父母/家庭和 ASB 结果是积极的（d = 0.46 和 d = 0.47，分别使用干预后的随机效应模型）。我们还发现对更接近的父母结果的影响更大，例如父母压力、父母能力和亲子互动/关系。然而，婚姻满意度或父母精神病理学等更远距离的结果显示出较低的效应量。此外，在几种结果类型中，父母/家庭结果的变化与 ASB 变化之间的联系是显着的，从而证实了 PTP 的一般因果假设。几种调节剂的干预后效果稳定，尽管临床应用显示效果大小略高于预防应用。一些调查结果对这些普遍积极的结果提出了质疑：例如，不仅在短期（3 到 12 个月）而且特别是长期随访（12 个月或更长时间）中，效果大小显着下降，并且绝大多数结果评估源于父母评级。最后，我们发现样本和效应大小之间存在明显的负相关。这是由于发表偏倚还是在较小的研究中表明更好的实施质量仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。