Perceived social exclusion refers to the subjective feeling of not being part of the macrolevel society. Loneliness arises if existing social relationships at the micro level are either quantitatively or qualitatively perceived as deficient. Here, we conceptualize and empirically demonstrate that both experiences are distinct but related constructs and investigate how they interact over time. The data set consists of 6,002 community-dwelling adults 40 to 85 years of age living in Germany assessed at two time points in 2014 and in 2017. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that perceived social exclusion and loneliness are highly correlated. They share risks factors (i.e., socioeconomic factors, opportunities for social participation, and social network characteristics) but display different patterns of associations. In addition, loneliness may over time induce feelings of social exclusion but not vice versa. Overall, our findings underline that people get strong cues about their worth in society from their social relationships.

中文翻译：

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感知的社会排斥和孤独：两种不同但相关的现象

感知社会排斥是指不属于宏观社会的主观感觉。如果在微观层面上现有的社会关系在数量上或质量上被认为是不足的，就会产生孤独感。在这里，我们概念化并实证证明这两种体验是不同但相关的结构，并研究它们如何随着时间的推移而相互作用。该数据集由 2014 年和 2017 年两个时间点评估的 6,002 名居住在德国的 40 至 85 岁的社区居民组成。结构方程模型分析显示，感知到的社会排斥和孤独感高度相关。他们共享风险因素（即社会经济因素、社会参与机会和社会网络特征），但显示出不同的关联模式。此外，随着时间的推移，孤独感可能会引起社会排斥感，但反之则不然。总的来说，我们的研究结果强调，人们从他们的社会关系中获得了关于他们在社会中的价值的强烈线索。