Red dairy cattle breeds have an important role in the European dairy sector because of their functional characteristics and good health. Extensive pedigree information is available for these breeds and provides a unique opportunity to examine their population structure, such as effective population size, depth of the pedigree, and effective number of founders and ancestors, and inbreeding levels. Animals with the highest genetic contributions were identified. Pedigree data included 9,073,403 animals that were born between 1900 and 2019 from Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden, and covered 32 breeds. The numerically largest breeds were Red Dairy Cattle and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel. The deepest average complete generation equivalent (9.39) was found for Red Dairy Cattle in 2017. Mean pedigree completeness ranged from 0.6 for Finncattle to 7.51 for Red Dairy Cattle. An effective population size of 166 animals was estimated for the total pedigree and ranged from 35 (Rotes Höhenvieh) to 226 (Red Dairy Cattle). Average generation intervals were between 5 and 7 years. The mean inbreeding coefficient for animals born between 1960 and 2018 was 1.5%, with the highest inbreeding coefficients observed for Traditional Angler (4.2%) and Rotes Höhenvieh (4.1%). The most influential animal was a Dutch Meuse-Rhine-Yssel bull born in 1960. The mean inbreeding level for animals born between 2016 and 2018 was 2% and highest for the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (4.64%) and Rotes Hohenvieh breeds (3.80%). We provide the first detailed analysis of the genetic diversity and inbreeding levels of the European red dairy cattle breeds. Rotes Höhenvieh and Traditional Angler have high inbreeding levels and are either close to or below the minimal recommended effective population size, thus it is necessary to implement tools to monitor the selection process in order to control inbreeding in these breeds. Red Dairy Cattle, Vorderwälder, Swedish Polled and Hinterwälder hold more genetic diversity. Regarding the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed, given its decreased population size, increased inbreeding and low effective population size, we recommend implementation of a breeding program to prevent further loss in its genetic diversity.

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欧洲红色奶牛的近交及系谱分析

红色奶牛品种因其功能特性和良好的健康状况而在欧洲乳制品行业中发挥着重要作用。这些品种有大量的谱系信息，并为检查其种群结构提供了独特的机会，例如有效种群规模、谱系深度、创始人和祖先的有效数量以及近交水平。确定了具有最高遗传贡献的动物。谱系数据包括 1900 年至 2019 年间出生的 9,073,403 只动物，来自丹麦、芬兰、德国、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、荷兰、挪威、波兰和瑞典，涵盖 32 个品种。数量最多的品种是红奶牛和默兹-莱茵-伊塞尔牛。2017 年，红色奶牛的平均完整代当量最深 (9.39)。平均谱系完整性范围从 Finncattle 的 0.6 到红色奶牛的 7.51。总谱系的有效种群规模估计为 166 头，范围从 35 头（Rotes Höhenvieh）到 226 头（红色奶牛）。平均世代间隔在5至7年之间。1960 年至 2018 年间出生的动物的平均近交系数为 1.5%，其中传统钓鱼者 (4.2%) 和 Rotes Höhenvieh (4.1%) 的近交系数最高。最有影响力的动物是出生于 1960 年的荷兰默兹-莱茵-伊塞尔公牛。2016 年至 2018 年间出生的动物的平均近交水平为 2%，最高的是默兹-莱茵-伊塞尔 (4.64%) 和 Rotes Hohenvieh 品种 (3.80) %）。我们首次对欧洲红色奶牛品种的遗传多样性和近交水平进行了详细分析。Rotes Höhenvieh 和传统钓鱼者近亲繁殖水平较高，接近或低于建议的最低有效种群规模，因此有必要使用工具来监控选择过程，以控制这些品种的近亲繁殖。红奶牛、Vorderwälder、瑞典无角奶牛和 Hinterwälder 拥有更多的遗传多样性。关于默兹-莱茵-伊塞尔品种，鉴于其种群规模减少、近交增加和有效种群规模较低，我们建议实施育种计划，以防止其遗传多样性进一步丧失。