Congestion pricing and License Plate Rationing (LPR) are classical transportation policies targeting travel demand. Travelers are constrained to reduce their cars’ usage to improve traffic conditions or decrease exhaust gases emissions. They have already been proven effective in the field but have also received some criticism for being unfair or badly perceived by users. On the other side, Tradable Credit and Permit Schemes (TCS/TPS) have been investigated in the literature for more than a decade but have never been implemented in practice. In this paper, we present a large-scale dynamic simulation study, corresponding to the morning peak hour for the Lyon city (France) to benchmark pricing, LPR, TCS, and TPS in terms of modal shift from personal cars to Public Transportation (PT), over a horizon of several days and with different charging schemes. Congestion dynamic in the transportation system is reproduced using a trip-based Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) framework. We compute the modal assignment at equilibrium by iteratively solving a Quadratic Problem (QP). The initial formulation, presented in previous work for a single day and a uniform TCS, is extended to account for different days, validity cycles, charging schemes, and TPS. The benchmarking shows that the TCS outperforms LPR in terms of both social cost and carbon emissions. Making credit valid over multiple days reduces the price variability while keeping the same system performances and gain distributions.

拥堵定价和车牌配给 (LPR) 是针对出行需求的经典交通政策。旅行者被迫减少汽车的使用以改善交通状况或减少废气排放。它们已经在该领域被证明是有效的，但也因不公平或被用户严重感知而受到一些批评。另一方面，可交易信用和许可计划 (TCS/TPS) 已在文献中进行了十多年的研究，但从未在实践中实施。在本文中，我们针对从私家车到公共交通的模式转变（PT )，在几天的时间范围内，采用不同的收费方案。使用基于行程的宏观基本图 (MFD) 框架再现交通系统中的拥堵动态。我们通过迭代求解二次问题 (QP) 来计算平衡时的模态分配。先前工作中针对单天和统一 TCS 提出的初始公式已扩展到考虑不同的天数、有效期周期、收费方案和 TPS。基准测试表明，TCS 在社会成本和碳排放方面均优于 LPR。使信用在多天内有效可减少价格波动，同时保持相同的系统性能和收益分布。我们通过迭代求解二次问题 (QP) 来计算平衡时的模态分配。先前工作中针对单天和统一 TCS 提出的初始公式已扩展到考虑不同的天数、有效期周期、收费方案和 TPS。基准测试表明，TCS 在社会成本和碳排放方面均优于 LPR。使信用在多天内有效可减少价格波动，同时保持相同的系统性能和收益分布。我们通过迭代求解二次问题 (QP) 来计算平衡时的模态分配。先前工作中针对单天和统一 TCS 提出的初始公式已扩展到考虑不同的天数、有效期周期、收费方案和 TPS。基准测试表明，TCS 在社会成本和碳排放方面均优于 LPR。使信用在多天内有效可减少价格波动，同时保持相同的系统性能和收益分布。