Expectations are a central maintaining mechanism in mental disorders and most psychological treatments aim to directly or indirectly modify clinically relevant expectations. Therefore, it is crucial to examine why patients with mental disorders maintain dysfunctional expectations, even in light of disconfirming evidence, and how expectation-violating situations should be created in treatment settings to optimize treatment outcome and reduce the risk of treatment failures. The different psychological subdisciplines offer various approaches for understanding the underlying mechanisms of expectation development, persistence, and change. Here, we convey recommendations on how to improve psychological treatments by considering these different perspectives. Based on our expectation violation model, we argue that the outcome of expectation violation depends on several characteristics: features of the expectation-violating situation; the dynamics between the magnitude of expectation violation and cognitive immunization processes; dealing with uncertainties during and after expectation change; controlled and automatic attention processes; and the costs of expectation changes. Personality factors further add to predict outcomes and may offer a basis for personalized treatment planning. We conclude with a list of recommendations derived from basic psychology that could contribute to improved treatment outcome and to reduced risks of treatment failures.

期望是精神障碍的核心维持机制，大多数心理治疗旨在直接或间接地改变临床相关的期望。因此，至关重要的是要检查为什么精神障碍患者即使在证据不确凿的情况下仍保持功能失调的期望，以及如何在治疗环境中创造违反期望的情况以优化治疗结果并降低治疗失败的风险。不同的心理学分支学科提供了各种方法来理解期望发展、持续和变化的潜在机制。在这里，我们就如何通过考虑这些不同的观点来改善心理治疗提出建议。基于我们的期望违背模型，我们认为，预期违背的结果取决于几个特征：预期违背情况的特征；预期违背程度与认知免疫过程之间的动态关系；处理预期变化期间和之后的不确定性；受控和自动的注意过程；以及预期变化的成本。人格因素进一步增加了对结果的预测，并可能为个性化治疗计划提供基础。我们总结了一系列源自基础心理学的建议，这些建议可能有助于改善治疗结果并降低治疗失败的风险。处理预期变化期间和之后的不确定性；受控和自动的注意过程；以及预期变化的成本。人格因素进一步增加了对结果的预测，并可能为个性化治疗计划提供基础。我们总结了一系列源自基础心理学的建议，这些建议可能有助于改善治疗结果并降低治疗失败的风险。处理预期变化期间和之后的不确定性；受控和自动的注意过程；以及预期变化的成本。人格因素进一步增加了对结果的预测，并可能为个性化治疗计划提供基础。我们总结了一系列源自基础心理学的建议，这些建议可能有助于改善治疗结果并降低治疗失败的风险。