Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review,Sports Medicine

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Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review
Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-10-15 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01760-6
Rachel Mason ₁ , Liam T Pearson ₁ , Gillian Barry ₁ , Fraser Young ₂ , Oisin Lennon ₃ , Alan Godfrey ₂ , Samuel Stuart _{1,

4}

Affiliation

Background

Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance.

Objectives

We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults.

Methods

A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings.

Results

A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards.

Conclusions

This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration

CRD42021235527.

中文翻译：

用于跑步步态分析的可穿戴设备：系统回顾

背景

传统上，跑步步态评估是使用主观观察或昂贵的基于实验室的客观技术（例如三维运动捕捉或测力板）进行的。然而，可穿戴设备的最新发展允许在任何环境中持续监测和分析跑步力学。跑步步态的客观测量是伤害评估的重要（临床）工具，并提供可用于提高表现的措施。

目标

我们旨在系统地回顾现有文献，调查可穿戴技术如何用于成人跑步步态分析。

方法

在以下科学数据库中对文献进行了系统搜索：PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science 和 SPORTDiscus。从每篇包含的文章中提取有关研究类型、参与者、协议、可穿戴设备、主要结果/措施、分析和主要发现的信息。

结果

总共审查了 131 篇文章：56 篇研究了可穿戴技术的有效性，22 篇研究了可靠性，77 篇侧重于应用。大多数研究使用惯性测量单元（n = 62）[即加速度计、陀螺仪和磁力计在一个单元中的组合]或单独使用加速度计（n = 40），其中一项单独使用陀螺仪，31 项使用压力传感器。平均而言，研究使用一种可穿戴设备来检查跑步步态。可穿戴位置分布在小腿、鞋子和腰部。参与者的平均人数为 26 (± 27) 人，平均年龄为 28.3 (± 7.0) 岁。大多数研究在室内进行 ( n = 93)，使用跑步机 ( n = 62)，主要目的是确定跑步步态结果或调查损伤、疲劳、内在因素（例如年龄、性别、形态）或鞋类对跑步步态结果的影响。通常，与参考标准相比，可穿戴设备被发现是评估跑步步态的有效且可靠的工具。