As a new kind of carbon based functional material, carbon dots (CDs) have sparked much interest in recent years. The tunable structure, composition, and morphology of CDs unlocks opportunities to enable diversity in their photoelectrochemical properties, and thus they show great potential in various applications such as biology, catalysis, sensors, and energy storage. Nevertheless, the related understanding of CDs is insufficient at present due to their inherent complexity of microstructure, which involves the intersection of high polymer, bulk carbon, and quantum dot (QD). A good understanding of the underlying mechanism behind the properties of CDs is still a formidable challenge, requiring the integration of robust knowledge from organic chemistry, materials science, and solid state physics. Within this context, discovering more appealing properties, elucidating fundamental factors that affect the properties and proposing effective engineering strategies that can realize specific functions for CDs are now highly pursued by researchers.

中文翻译：

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碳点光电化学性质的多样性和可定制性

作为一种新型的碳基功能材料，碳点（CDs）近年来引起了广泛关注。CD 的可调结构、组成和形态为其光电化学性质的多样性提供了机会，因此它们在生物学、催化、传感器和能量存储等各种应用中显示出巨大的潜力。然而，由于其固有的微观结构复杂性，涉及高聚物、块状碳和量子点（QD）的交叉，目前对 CD 的相关理解还不够。充分理解 CD 特性背后的潜在机制仍然是一项艰巨的挑战，需要整合来自有机化学、材料科学和固态物理学的强大知识。在此背景下，