As a leading behavioral risk factor for numerous health outcomes, smoking is a major ongoing public health challenge. Although evidence on the health effects of smoking has been widely reported, few attempts have evaluated the dose–response relationship between smoking and a diverse range of health outcomes systematically and comprehensively. In the present study, we re-estimated the dose–response relationships between current smoking and 36 health outcomes by conducting systematic reviews up to 31 May 2022, employing a meta-analytic method that incorporates between-study heterogeneity into estimates of uncertainty. Among the 36 selected outcomes, 8 had strong-to-very-strong evidence of an association with smoking, 21 had weak-to-moderate evidence of association and 7 had no evidence of association. By overcoming many of the limitations of traditional meta-analyses, our approach provides comprehensive, up-to-date and easy-to-use estimates of the evidence on the health effects of smoking. These estimates provide important information for tobacco control advocates, policy makers, researchers, physicians, smokers and the public.

作为众多健康结果的主要行为风险因素，吸烟是一项持续的重大公共卫生挑战。尽管有关吸烟对健康影响的证据已被广泛报道，但很少有人尝试系统、全面地评估吸烟与各种健康结果之间的剂量反应关系。在本研究中，我们通过截至 2022 年 5 月 31 日进行系统评价，采用将研究间异质性纳入不确定性估计的荟萃分析方法，重新估计了当前吸烟与 36 种健康结果之间的剂量反应关系。在 36 个选定的结果中，8 个具有强到非常强的证据表明与吸烟相关，21 个具有弱到中度的相关证据，7 个没有相关证据。通过克服传统荟萃分析的许多局限性，我们的方法提供了关于吸烟对健康影响的证据的全面、最新且易于使用的估计。这些估计为烟草控制倡导者、政策制定者、研究人员、医生、吸烟者和公众提供了重要信息。