Inequalities of social goods between gender, racial, or other groups call out for explanation. Such inequalities might be explained by socialization and discrimination. But historically some have attributed these inequalities to biological differences between social groups. Such explanations are highly controversial: on the one hand, they have a very troubling racist and sexist history, but on the other hand, they are empirical claims, and so it seems inappropriate to rule them out a priori. I propose that the appropriate epistemic attitude toward biological explanations of social inequalities is a general but defeasible skepticism. I then turn to the appropriate moral attitude, arguing that when such explanations are inadequately supported, they are offensive.

中文翻译：

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社会不平等的生物学解释

性别、种族或其他群体之间社会福利的不平等需要解释。这种不平等可以用社会化和歧视来解释。但从历史上看，一些人将这些不平等归因于社会群体之间的生物学差异。这样的解释极具争议：一方面，它们有着令人不安的种族主义和性别歧视历史，但另一方面，它们是经验主义的主张，因此先验地排除它们似乎是不合适的。我建议，对社会不平等的生物学解释的适当认识论态度是一种普遍但可废止的怀疑主义。然后我转向适当的道德态度，认为当这样的解释没有得到充分支持时，它们是冒犯性的。