The present study seeks to build on burnout research by examining daily fluctuations of role stress and work incivility, and their impact on employees’ energy loss. Optimism and recovery (i.e., psychological detachment and relaxation), two mechanisms that allow workers’ self-care and self-defence from these toxic conditions when faced by these job stressors, were included. In a daily study, 117 service sector workers completed surveys three times a day, over a period of one working week. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed work incivility as predictor of daily emotional exhaustion. Optimism and recovery play different roles in protecting workers from daily energy loss. Daily optimism increased employees’energy and decreased emotional exhaustion and negative affect at night. It also moderated the relationship between work incivility and positive affect at night. The results on psychological detachment supported the stressor-detachment model (Sonnentag, 2010), in which psychological detachment from work during nonworking time is not only a direct predictor of increased energy, but could similarly buffer the negative impact of role stress and work incivility. Relaxation basically showed main effects in predicting emotional exhaustion (inversely) and positive affect (directly). Our findings suggest two main implications: (1) the necessity for implemention of workplace policies to prevent role stress and work incivility in reducing daily loss of energy. (2) Training workers in self-care programmes focusing on optimism and recovery can provide early steps toward organizational change and employee daily well-being.

本研究旨在通过检查角色压力和工作不文明行为的日常波动及其对员工能量损失的影响来建立职业倦怠研究。包括乐观和恢复（即心理分离和放松），这两种机制允许工人在面对这些工作压力源时进行自我护理和自卫，以免受这些有害条件的影响。在一项每日研究中，117 名服务业工作人员在一个工作周内每天完成 3 次调查。分层线性模型揭示了工作不文明行为是日常情绪衰竭的预测因素。乐观和恢复在保护工人免受日常能量损失方面发挥着不同的作用。每天的乐观情绪增加了员工的精力，减少了晚上的情绪疲惫和负面影响。它还调节了工作不文明与夜间积极情绪之间的关系。心理疏离的结果支持了压力源-分离模型（Sonntag，2010），其中在非工作时间与工作的心理分离不仅是能量增加的直接预测因素，而且同样可以缓冲角色压力和工作不文明的负面影响。放松在预测情绪衰竭（反向）和积极影响（直接）方面基本上表现出主要影响。我们的研究结果表明了两个主要含义：（1）有必要实施工作场所政策以防止角色压力和工作不文明行为，以减少日常能量损失。(2) 对员工进行以乐观和恢复为重点的自我保健计划培训可以为组织变革和员工日常福祉提供早期步骤。