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pH-Dependent transport of amino acids across lipid bilayers by simple monotopic anion carriers
Chemical Science ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2022-10-05 , DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04346g
Krystyna Maslowska-Jarzyna 1 , Krzysztof M Bąk 1 , Bartłomiej Zawada 1 , Michał J Chmielewski 1
Affiliation  

The transport of amino acids across lipid membranes is vital for the proper functioning of every living cell. In spite of that, examples of synthetic transporters that can facilitate amino acid transport are rare. This is mainly because at physiological conditions amino acids predominantly exist as highly polar zwitterions and proper shielding of their charged termini, which is necessary for fast diffusion across lipophilic membranes, requires complex and synthetically challenging heteroditopic receptors. Here we report the first simple monotopic anion receptor, dithioamide 1, that efficiently transports a variety of natural amino acids across lipid bilayers at physiological pH. Mechanistic studies revealed that the receptor rapidly transports deprotonated amino acids, even though at pH 7.4 these forms account for less than 3% of the total amino acid concentration. We also describe a new fluorescent assay for the selective measurement of the transport of deprotonated amino acids into liposomes. The new assay allowed us to study the pH-dependence of amino acid transport and elucidate the mechanism of transport by 1, as well as to explain its exceptionally high activity. With the newly developed assay we screened also four other representative examples of monotopic anion transporters, of which two showed promising activity. Our results imply that heteroditopic receptors are not necessary for achieving high amino acid transport activities and that many of the previously reported anionophores might be active amino acid transporters. Based on these findings, we propose a new strategy for the development of artificial amino acid transporters with improved properties.

中文翻译:

通过简单的单位阴离子载体进行氨基酸跨脂质双层的 pH 依赖性运输

氨基酸跨脂膜的运输对于每个活细胞的正常运作至关重要。尽管如此,能够促进氨基酸转运的合成转运蛋白的例子却很少。这主要是因为在生理条件下,氨基酸主要以高极性两性离子的形式存在,并且对其带电末端进行适当的屏蔽,这是快速扩散穿过亲脂膜所必需的,需要复杂且具有合成挑战性的异二位受体。在这里,我们报道了第一个简单的单位阴离子受体二硫代酰胺1,它可以在生理 pH 值下有效地跨脂质双层运输各种天然氨基酸。机制研究表明,该受体快速转运去质子化氨基酸,即使在 pH 7.4 时这些形式仅占氨基酸总浓度的不到 3%。我们还描述了一种新的荧光测定法,用于选择性测量去质子化氨基酸转运至脂质体中。新的测定方法使我们能够研究氨基酸转运的 pH 依赖性,并阐明转运机制1,并解释其异常高的活性。通过新开发的测定,我们还筛选了单位阴离子转运蛋白的其他四个代表性例子,其中两个显示出有希望的活性。我们的结果表明异二位受体对于实现高氨基酸转运活性不是必需的,并且许多先前报道的阴离子载体可能是活性氨基酸转运蛋白。基于这些发现,我们提出了开发具有改进特性的人工氨基酸转运蛋白的新策略。
更新日期:2022-10-05
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