本文介绍了先前实验研究中的计算流体动力学 (CFD) 分析和验证工作,该实验研究在存在由空气和氦气组成的密度分层(作为氢气的模拟气体)的情况下由外表面冷却驱动的自然对流。该实验是在日本原子能机构 (JAEA) 的遏制积分效应测量设备 (CIGMA) 设施中进行的。CIGMA 容器是一个大型圆柱形不锈钢,主要圆柱形部分的内径为 2.5 m,总高度为 11 m。整个容器中氦的质量分数比例为11%,顶部容器的氦摩尔分数为48%。进行了两次实验,并进行了数值模拟,以分析冷却区域对氦分层侵蚀的详细影响。第一次测试命名为 CCLP30 或案例 1,第二次测试命名为 CCPL34 或案例 2。案例 1 和案例 2 的主要区别是案例 1 的冷却区域比案例 2 窄。案例 1 中,冷却区域仅位于外容器的四分之一。而在案例 2 中,冷却区域位于外容器的二分之一处。根据实验数据预测和验证了安全壳内氦浓度和气体温度的时空演变。结果表明,数值预测与实验数据相当吻合。然而,与实验数据相比,预测的侵蚀率显示出差异。氦气完全溶解所需的相对误差时间在15%以内。此外,还提出并讨论了两种取决于冷却位置的分层行为。CFD 模拟证实,上压头冷却导致富氦区出现两个反向旋转的涡流。同时,上半体冷却在贫氦区产生了两个反向旋转的涡流。这些发现对于理解由安全壳中的自然对流驱动的密度分层过程的机制非常重要。提出并讨论了两种取决于冷却位置的分层行为。CFD 模拟证实,上压头冷却导致富氦区出现两个反向旋转的涡流。同时,上半体冷却在贫氦区产生了两个反向旋转的涡流。这些发现对于理解由安全壳中的自然对流驱动的密度分层过程的机制非常重要。提出并讨论了两种取决于冷却位置的分层行为。CFD 模拟证实,上压头冷却导致富氦区出现两个反向旋转的涡流。同时,上半体冷却在贫氦区产生了两个反向旋转的涡流。这些发现对于理解由安全壳中的自然对流驱动的密度分层过程的机制非常重要。
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CFD analysis on stratification dissolution and breakup of the air-helium gas mixture by natural convection in a large-scale enclosed vessel
This paper describes the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and validation works from the previous experimental study on the natural convection driven by outer surface cooling in the presence of density stratification consisting of air and helium (as a mimic gas of hydrogen). The experiment was conducted in the Containment InteGral effects Measurement Apparatus (CIGMA) facility at Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). CIGMA vessel is a large cylindrical stainless steel with an inner diameter of the main cylindrical part 2.5 m and an overall height of 11 m. The mass fraction proportion of helium in the whole vessel was 11% and the helium molar fraction at the top vessel was 48%. Two experiments were performed and the numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the detailed effect of the cooling region on the erosion of the helium stratification layer. First test was named CCLP30 or case 1 and second test was named CCPL34 or case 2. The main difference between case 1 and case 2 was the cooling area of case 1 was narrower than case 2. In case 1, cooling area was only located at the one-fourth of outer vessel. Whereas, in case 2, cooling area was located at one-half of outer vessel. The temporal and spatial evolution of the helium concentration and the gas temperature inside the containment vessel was predicted and validated against the experimental data. The results indicated that the numerical predictions fairly agreed with the experimental data. However, the predicted erosion rate showed discrepancies compare with the experimental data. The relative errors time required for the complete dissolution of the helium gas were within 15%. In addition, two stratification behaviors that depend on the cooling location were presented and discussed. The CFD simulation confirmed that an upper head cooling caused two counter-rotating vortexes in the helium-rich zone. Meanwhile, the upper half body cooling caused two counter-rotating vortexes in the helium-poor zone. These findings are important to understand the mechanism of the density stratification process driven by natural convection in the containment vessel.