Third Law of Thermodynamics and the Scaling of Quantum Computers,Physical Review Letters

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Third Law of Thermodynamics and the Scaling of Quantum Computers
Physical Review Letters ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-10-03 , DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.150602
Lorenzo Buffoni ₁ , Stefano Gherardini _{1,

2,

3} , Emmanuel Zambrini Cruzeiro ₄ , Yasser Omar _{1,

5,

6}

Affiliation

The third law of thermodynamics, also known as the Nernst unattainability principle, puts a fundamental bound on how close a system, whether classical or quantum, can be cooled to a temperature near to absolute zero. On the other hand, a fundamental assumption of quantum computing is to start each computation from a register of qubits initialized in a pure state, i.e., at zero temperature. These conflicting aspects, at the interface between quantum computing and thermodynamics, are often overlooked or, at best, addressed only at a single-qubit level. In this Letter, we argue how the existence of a small but finite effective temperature, which makes the initial state a mixed state, poses a real challenge to the fidelity constraints required for the scaling of quantum computers. Our theoretical results, carried out for a generic quantum circuit with

N

-qubit input states, are validated by test runs performed on a real quantum processor.

中文翻译：

热力学第三定律和量子计算机的缩放

热力学第三定律，也称为能斯特不可达到原理，对一个系统（无论是经典系统还是量子系统）可以冷却到接近绝对零的温度设定了一个基本界限。另一方面，量子计算的一个基本假设是从一个以纯态（即零温度）初始化的量子比特寄存器开始每次计算。在量子计算和热力学之间的界面上，这些相互矛盾的方面经常被忽视，或者充其量只能在单量子位水平上解决。在这封信中，我们讨论了一个小但有限的有效温度的存在，它使初始状态成为混合状态，如何对量子计算机扩展所需的保真度约束提出真正的挑战。我们的理论结果，针对具有