Background

As societies become increasingly diverse, understanding the complex nature of racism for multiple ethnic, social, and economic identities of minority youth is required. Here we explore the experience of racism between and among privileged majority adolescent groups and targeted minority (Indigenous and ethnic) adolescents in New Zealand. Using the concept of structural and embodiment flexible resources, which act as risk and protective factors, we examine the social and health effects on minority youth.

Methods

In this intersectional analysis, we use self-reported data from the Youth2000 survey series administered in 2001, 2007, 2012, and 2019 to large, representative samples of students from mainstream state and private schools in the Auckland, Tai Tokerau, and Waikato regions of New Zealand. Students were in school years 9–13 and mostly aged 13–17 years. Ethnic or migrant group, income level of country of origin, and migrant generation were used as measures of structural resources and perceived ethnicity as a measure of embodiment resource. Racism and its effects were measured as socioeconomic inequities (household, neighbourhood, and school-level deprivation); interpersonal discrimination (unfair treatment, bullying, and safety); and health inequities (forgone health care, symptoms of depression, and attempted suicide). We used generalised linear models to explore variations in economic, interpersonal, and health outcomes for Indigenous and migrant youth, adjusting for mediating effects of household deprivation and measures of flexible resources (migration generation, income level of country of origin, and perceived ethnicity).

Findings

We collected data from a total of 20 410 adolescents from the four survey waves between 2001 and 2019. Participants had a median age of 15 years (IQR 14–16). Socioeconomic, interpersonal, and health inequities varied with access to flexible resources among Māori and racialised migrant youth. Māori and racialised migrants from low-income and middle-income countries in particular experienced high levels of socioeconomic inequities. Racialised migrant youth experienced persistent socioeconomic inequities extending over three generations, especially Pasifika migrant adolescents. Minorities perceived as White experienced less discrimination and had more advantages than visibly racialised groups. Regression models showed that embodiment resources, and to a lesser extent structural resources, mediated, but did not eliminate ethnic disparities in socioeconomic status and interpersonal discrimination; these resources did not strongly mediate ethnic disparities in health. Trend analyses indicate consistency in these patterns with ethnicity-based inequities persisting or increasing over time.

Interpretation

Indigenous and ethnic minority experiences of racism are heterogeneous. Structural flexible resources (wealth) and, more substantially, embodiment flexible resources (perceived Whiteness) mitigate individual experiences of racism. In multi-ethnic western societies, anti-racist interventions and policies must address both structural deprivation and associated intergenerational mobility and colourism (ie, implicit and explicit bias against non-White youth).

Funding

Health Research Council of New Zealand.

中文翻译：

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新西兰奥特阿罗亚多民族青少年种族主义的灵活资源和经验：使用调查数据对健康和社会经济不平等进行交叉分析

背景

随着社会变得越来越多样化，需要了解种族主义对少数族裔青年的多种种族、社会和经济身份的复杂性质。在这里，我们探讨了新西兰特权多数青少年群体和目标少数（土著和种族）青少年之间的种族主义经历。使用结构性和体现灵活资源的概念，作为风险和保护因素，我们研究了对少数族裔青年的社会和健康影响。

方法

在这项交叉分析中，我们使用了来自于 2001、2007、2012 和 2019 年开展的 Youth2000 调查系列的自我报告数据，这些数据来自奥克兰、大托克劳和怀卡托地区的主流公立和私立学校的大量代表性学生样本。新西兰。学生年龄在 9-13 岁，大部分年龄在 13-17 岁。种族或移民群体、原籍国的收入水平和移民一代被用作结构资源的衡量标准，而感知的种族则被用作体现资源的衡量标准。种族主义及其影响被衡量为社会经济不平等（家庭、社区和学校层面的剥夺）；人际歧视（不公平待遇、欺凌和安全）；和健康不公平（放弃医疗保健、抑郁症状和企图自杀）。

发现

我们从 2001 年至 2019 年的四次调查波中收集了总共 20410 名青少年的数据。参与者的中位年龄为 15 岁（IQR 14-16）。毛利人和种族移民青年在获得灵活资源的情况下，社会经济、人际交往和健康方面的不平等情况有所不同。来自低收入和中等收入国家的毛利人和种族化移民尤其经历了高度的社会经济不平等。种族化的移民青年经历了持续三代人的社会经济不平等，尤其是太平洋移民青少年。与明显种族化的群体相比，被视为白人的少数族裔受到的歧视更少，更有优势。回归模型表明，体现资源，以及在较小程度上的结构资源，调解，但并未消除社会经济地位和人际歧视方面的种族差异；这些资源并没有强烈调解健康方面的种族差异。趋势分析表明，这些模式的一致性与基于种族的不平等随着时间的推移持续存在或增加。

解释

土著和少数民族的种族主义经历是异质的。结构灵活的资源（财富），更重要的是，体现灵活的资源（感知白度）减轻了种族主义的个人经历。在多民族的西方社会，反种族主义干预和政策必须解决结构性剥夺和相关的代际流动和肤色歧视（即对非白人青年的隐性和显性偏见）。

资金

新西兰健康研究委员会。