Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor that ranks third in incidence and second in mortality worldwide, and surgery in conjunction with chemotherapy and radiotherapy remains the most common treatment option. As a result of radiotherapy’s severe side effects and dismal survival rates, it is anticipated that more alternatives may emerge. Immunotherapy, a breakthrough treatment, has made significant strides in colorectal cancer over the past few years, overcoming specialized therapy, which has more selectivity and a higher survival prognosis than chemoradiotherapy. Among these, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has emerged as the primary immunotherapy for colorectal cancer nowadays. Nonetheless, as the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor has expanded, resistance has arisen inevitably. Immune escape is the primary cause of non-response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. That is the development of primary and secondary drug resistance. In this article, we cover the immune therapy-related colorectal cancer staging, the specific immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment mechanism, and the tumor microenvironment and immune escape routes of immunosuppressive cells that may be associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors resistance reversal. The objective is to provide better therapeutic concepts for clinical results and to increase the number of individuals who can benefit from colorectal cancer immunotherapy.

结直肠癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，发病率在全球排名第三，死亡率在全球排名第二，手术联合放化疗仍然是最常见的治疗选择。由于放射疗法的严重副作用和令人沮丧的存活率，预计可能会出现更多替代方案。免疫疗法是一种突破性的治疗方法，在过去几年中在结直肠癌方面取得了长足的进步，克服了比放化疗具有更高选择性和更高生存预后的专门治疗。其中，免疫检查点抑制剂疗法已成为当今结直肠癌的主要免疫疗法。尽管如此，随着免疫检查点抑制剂的使用范围扩大，耐药性不可避免地出现了。免疫逃逸是对免疫检查点抑制剂无反应和耐药的主要原因。那就是原发性和继发性耐药性的发展。在本文中，我们将介绍与免疫治疗相关的结直肠癌分期、特异性免疫检查点抑制剂治疗机制，以及可能与免疫检查点抑制剂耐药性逆转相关的免疫抑制细胞的肿瘤微环境和免疫逃逸途径。目的是为临床结果提供更好的治疗概念，并增加可以从结直肠癌免疫治疗中受益的人数。特异性免疫检查点抑制剂治疗机制，以及可能与免疫检查点抑制剂耐药逆转相关的免疫抑制细胞的肿瘤微环境和免疫逃逸途径。目的是为临床结果提供更好的治疗概念，并增加可以从结直肠癌免疫治疗中受益的人数。特异性免疫检查点抑制剂治疗机制，以及可能与免疫检查点抑制剂耐药逆转相关的免疫抑制细胞的肿瘤微环境和免疫逃逸途径。目的是为临床结果提供更好的治疗概念，并增加可以从结直肠癌免疫治疗中受益的人数。