The Hubble constant estimated from the cosmic microwave background measurements shows large disagreement with the locally measured value. This inconsistency is called the Hubble tension and is vastly studied in recent years. Early dark energy (EDE) gives a few percent contribution to the total energy density of the universe only at an epoch before the recombination, and it is considered as a promising solution to the tension. A simple realization of EDE is given by dynamics of a scalar field, called the EDE scalar, and models including the EDE scalar are extensively studied in the literature. In this paper, we present a novel EDE scenario based on higher-dimensional gauge theories. An extra component of gauge fields associated with a compact extra dimension behaves as the EDE scalar at low-energy and has a periodic potential, which has a similar form as potentials for pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons (PNGB). In a five-dimensional $U(1)$ gauge theory, we show that a scalar field that originates from the gauge field can give EDE through its dynamics in a PNGB type potential with a suitable choice of parameters in the theory. We focus on the scenario where EDE is explained by the scalar field and clarify constraints on the fundamental parameters of the gauge theory, such as the gauge coupling, the compactification scale, and the mass parameters for matter fields. We also find that a sufficient dilution of EDE requires nontrivial relations among $U(1)$ charges of matter fields with degenerate bulk masses. The required bulk matter contents and $U(1)$ charges can be given by hand and may be realized more naturally through underlying mechanisms such as flavor symmetries. With specific matter contents, we numerically solve the time evolution of the scalar field and confirm that its energy density behaves as an EDE. In our scenario, the parameters of the gauge theory and predicted properties of EDE are related to each other. Thus, the cosmological restrictions on the EDE properties provide insights into higher-dimensional gauge theories.

中文翻译：

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来自高维规范理论的早期暗能量

从宇宙微波背景测量估计的哈勃常数与当地测量值存在很大差异。这种不一致被称为哈勃张力，近年来得到了广泛的研究。早期暗能量（EDE）仅在重组前的一个时期对宇宙的总能量密度贡献了百分之几，它被认为是一种有希望的张力解决方案。EDE 的简单实现由标量场的动力学给出，称为 EDE 标量，包括 EDE 标量的模型在文献中得到广泛研究。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于高维规范理论的新型 EDE 场景。与紧凑的额外维度相关的规范场的额外分量在低能量下表现为 EDE 标量并具有周期性势，它具有与伪 Nambu-Goldstone 玻色子 (PNGB) 的势相似的形式。在五维$ü(1)$规范理论，我们表明，源自规范场的标量场可以通过其在 PNGB 型势中的动力学给出 EDE，并在理论中选择合适的参数。我们专注于用标量场解释 EDE 的场景，并阐明对规范理论基本参数的约束，例如规范耦合、紧缩尺度和物质场的质量参数。我们还发现，充分稀释 EDE 需要非平凡的关系$ü(1)$具有简并体质量的物质场的电荷。所需的散装物质含量和$ü(1)$收费可以手动给出，也可以通过风味对称等潜在机制更自然地实现。通过特定的物质含量，我们数值求解标量场的时间演化，并确认其能量密度表现为 EDE。在我们的场景中，规范理论的参数和 EDE 的预测属性是相互关联的。因此，对 EDE 属性的宇宙学限制提供了对高维规范理论的见解。