The Acute and Chronic Effects of Implementing Velocity Loss Thresholds During Resistance Training: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Critical Evaluation of the Literature,Sports Medicine

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The Acute and Chronic Effects of Implementing Velocity Loss Thresholds During Resistance Training: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Critical Evaluation of the Literature
Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-09-30 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01754-4
Ivan Jukic _{1,

2} , Alejandro Pérez Castilla ₃ , Amador García Ramos _{3,

4} , Bas Van Hooren ₅ , Michael R McGuigan ₁ , Eric R Helms ₁

Affiliation

Background

Velocity loss (VL) experienced in a set during resistance training is often monitored to control training volume and quantify acute fatigue responses. Accordingly, various VL thresholds are used to prescribe resistance training and target different training adaptations. However, there are inconsistencies in the current body of evidence regarding the magnitude of the acute and chronic responses to the amount of VL experienced during resistance training.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to (1) evaluate the acute training volume, neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to the amount of VL experienced during resistance training; (2) synthesize the available evidence on the chronic effects of different VL thresholds on training adaptations; and (3) provide an overview of the factors that might differentially influence the magnitude of specific acute and chronic responses to VL during resistance training.

Methods

This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were searched, and studies were included if they were written in English, prescribed resistance training using VL, and evaluated at least one (1) acute training volume, neuromuscular, metabolic, or perceptual response or (2) training adaptation. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials. Multilevel and multivariate meta-regressions were performed where possible.

Results

Eighteen acute and 19 longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria, of which only one had more than one risk of bias item assessed as high risk. Based on the included acute studies, it seems that the number of repetitions per set, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion generally increase, while countermovement jump height, running sprint times, and velocity against fixed loads generally decrease as VL increases. However, the magnitude of these effects seems to be influenced, among other factors, by the exercise and load used. Regarding training adaptations, VL experienced during resistance training did not influence muscle strength and endurance gains. Increases in VL were associated with increases in hypertrophy (b = 0.006; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.001, 0.012), but negatively affected countermovement jump (b = − 0.040; 95% CI − 0.079, − 0.001), sprint (b = 0.001; 95% CI 0.001, 0.002), and velocity against submaximal load performance (b = − 0.018; 95% CI − 0.029, − 0.006).

Conclusions

A graded relationship exists between VL experienced during a set and acute training volume, neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses to resistance training. However, choice of exercise, load, and individual trainee characteristics (e.g., training history) seem to modulate these relationships. The choice of VL threshold does not seem to affect strength and muscle endurance gains whereas higher VL thresholds are superior for enhancing hypertrophy, and lower VL thresholds are superior for jumping, sprinting, and velocity against submaximal loads performance.

Clinical Trial Registration

The original protocol was prospectively registered (https://osf.io/q4acs/) with the Open Science Framework.

中文翻译：

阻力训练期间实施速度损失阈值的急性和慢性影响：文献的系统回顾、荟萃分析和批判性评估

背景

通常会监测阻力训练期间一组中经历的速度损失（VL），以控制训练量并量化急性疲劳反应。因此，不同的 VL 阈值用于规定阻力训练并针对不同的训练适应。然而，目前关于抗阻训练期间 VL 量的急性和慢性反应程度的证据存在不一致。

客观的

本系统评价的目的是 (1) 评估抗阻训练期间对 VL 量的急性训练量、神经肌肉、代谢和知觉反应； (2) 综合不同 VL 阈值对训练适应的长期影响的现有证据； (3) 概述了可能对阻力训练期间对 VL 的特定急性和慢性反应程度产生不同影响的因素。

方法

本次审查是使用系统审查和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 (PRISMA) 指南进行的。检索了五个数据库，如果研究是用英语编写的，使用 VL 规定阻力训练，并评估至少一 (1) 急性训练量、神经肌肉、代谢或知觉反应或 (2) 训练适应，则纳入研究。使用改进的 Cochrane Collaboration 评估随机试验偏倚风险的工具来评估偏倚风险。在可能的情况下进行多级和多变量元回归。

结果

18 项急性研究和 19 项纵向研究符合纳入标准，其中只有一项研究的偏倚风险项目超过一项被评估为高风险。根据纳入的急性研究，似乎每组的重复次数、血乳酸浓度和感知用力等级通常会增加，而反向运动跳跃高度、跑步冲刺时间和针对固定负荷的速度通常会随着 VL 的增加而降低。然而，这些影响的程度似乎受到运动和负荷等因素的影响。关于训练适应，阻力训练期间经历的 VL 不会影响肌肉力量和耐力的增益。 VL 的增加与肥大的增加相关（ b = 0.006；95% 置信区间 [CI] 0.001, 0.012），但会对反向运动跳跃（ b = − 0.040；95% CI − 0.079，− 0.001）、冲刺（ b = 0.001；95% CI 0.001, 0.002)，以及相对于次最大负载性能的速度 ( b = − 0.018；95% CI − 0.029，− 0.006)。

结论

在一组训练期间经历的 VL 与急性训练量、神经肌肉、代谢和对阻力训练的感知反应之间存在分级关系。然而，运动的选择、负荷和个体受训者特征（例如，训练历史）似乎调节这些关系。 VL 阈值的选择似乎不会影响力量和肌肉耐力的增益，而较高的 VL 阈值有利于增强肌肥大，而较低的 VL 阈值有利于跳跃、冲刺和对抗次最大负荷表现的速度。