The measurement and assessment of heat flux in volcanic and geothermal areas are crucial to studying the thermodynamic process, locating the activity of a geothermal field, evaluating geothermal resources, and assessing volcanic hazards. Several methods exist for conducting heat flux measurements, including assessing the soil temperature gradient, thermal infrared remote sensing, ground calorimeter, and other direct calorimetric methods; as well as assessing soil CO₂ flux, chlorine inventory balance, eddy covariance, and other indirect calorimetric methods; and integrated methods from those mentioned above. Here, we review the history, basic principles, field operation procedure, suitability, and application of these heat flux measurement methods. The relationship between these direct and indirect calorimetric methods and the conduction, convection, advection, and radiative heat transfer mechanisms near the surface are also discussed. Characterization of the intensity of heat accumulation in volcanic and geothermal areas and its potential value for heat and mass transfer near the surface are also recommended. We suggest that the soil temperature gradient and soil CO₂ flux methods are promising and representative heat flux measurement methods after comparative analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, accuracy of results, relationship with the heat transfer mechanism, characterization of heat accumulation intensity, convenient operation, clear principle, wide range of characterization, and abundant application scenarios. With the increasing demand for this technologies, heat flux measurement methods can be applied in unusual volcanic and geothermal areas, such as polar regions, the moon, and large lakes. The results are benefit to the targeting of geothermal resources, as well as revealing the mechanism of heat and mass transfer in the shallow crust.

火山和地热区热通量的测量和评估对于研究热力学过程、定位地热场活动、评估地热资源和评估火山灾害至关重要。有几种方法可用于进行热通量测量，包括评估土壤温度梯度、热红外遥感、地面热量计和其他直接量热方法；以及评估土壤 CO ₂通量、氯库存平衡、涡流协方差和其他间接量热方法；以及上述方法的综合方法。在这里，我们回顾了这些热通量测量方法的历史、基本原理、现场操作程序、适用性和应用。还讨论了这些直接和间接量热方法与表面附近的传导、对流、平流和辐射传热机制之间的关系。还建议描述火山和地热区的热积累强度及其对地表附近传热和传质的潜在价值。我们建议土壤温度梯度和土壤 CO ₂通量法通过对优缺点、结果准确度、与传热机理的关系、蓄热强度表征、操作方便、原理明确、表征范围广、应用广泛等方面的优缺点进行对比分析，是具有发展前景和具有代表性的热通量测量方法。情景。随着对这项技术的需求不断增加，热通量测量方法可以应用于不寻常的火山和地热区域，如极地、月球和大型湖泊。研究结果有利于地热资源的定位，揭示浅层地壳传热传质机制。