Antibiotic-resistant-bacteria are being considered as emerging environmental contaminants where the importance of the surrounding environment in their emergence and dissemination has been emphasized. The aim of this study was to screen for the presence and diversity of carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNBs) in different aquatic environments. Water samples were collected in Batna, Algeria. Carbapenem- and colistin-resistant GNBs were selectively isolated and then identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing, the molecular mechanisms of β-lactams and colistin-resistance were investigated by PCR and sequencing. The clonality of mcr-1 positive Escherichia coli was determined by multi-locus sequence typing. We noticed a high level of resistance in both tap water and wastewater. The most commonly found carbapenem-resistance mechanism was the OXA-48 enzyme, but other carbapenemases were also detected. In addition, the mcr-1 gene was detected in 18 E. coli of different sequence types. Our findings highlight the role of aquatic environments in the dissemination of resistant-bacteria, especially considering that water is a connecting medium between different ecological systems and can easily transmit resistant-bacteria and promote horizontal gene transfer. Thus, the development of effective treatment strategies for eliminating antibiotic-resistance is seriously needed.

中文翻译：

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阿尔及利亚巴特纳水生环境中碳青霉烯酶和产生 MCR-1 的革兰氏阴性细菌的传播

抗生素耐药细菌被认为是新出现的环境污染物，其中强调了周围环境在其出现和传播中的重要性。本研究的目的是筛选不同水生环境中耐碳青霉烯和多粘菌素的革兰氏阴性菌 (GNB) 的存在和多样性。在阿尔及利亚的巴特纳收集水样。选择性分离耐碳青霉烯类和多粘菌素的 GNB，然后使用基质辅助激光解吸和电离飞行时间质谱法进行鉴定。经过表型抗生素敏感性测试，通过PCR和测序研究了β-内酰胺类和粘菌素耐药性的分子机制。mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌的克隆性由多位点序列分型确定。我们注意到自来水和废水都有很高的阻力。最常见的碳青霉烯类耐药机制是 OXA-48 酶，但也检测到其他碳青霉烯酶。此外，在18个不同序列类型的大肠杆菌中检测到mcr-1基因。我们的研究结果强调了水环境在耐药菌传播中的作用，特别是考虑到水是不同生态系统之间的连接介质，可以很容易地传播耐药菌并促进基因水平转移。因此，迫切需要开发有效的治疗策略来消除抗生素耐药性。