Dense and compact cities yield several benefits for both the population and the environment, including the containment of urban sprawl, reduced carbon emissions, and increased housing supply. Densification of the built environment is thus a key contemporary urban planning paradigm worldwide. However, local residents often oppose urban densification, motivating a need to understand their underlying concerns. In order to do so, we examined different factors driving public acceptance of housing densification projects through a combination of a conjoint survey experiment and different proximity frames among 12,402 participants across Berlin, Chicago, London, Los Angeles, New York, and Paris. Respondents compared housing densification projects with varying attributes, including their geographic proximity, project-related factors, and accompanying planning instruments. The results indicate that the acceptance of such projects decreases with project proximity and that project-related factors, such as the type of investor, usage, and climate goals, impact densification project acceptance. More specifically, we see a negative effect on acceptance levels for projects with for-profit investors and a positive effect when the suggested developments are mixed use or climate neutral. In addition, planning instruments, such as rent control, inclusionary zoning, and participatory planning, appear to positively influence acceptance. Interestingly, a cross-continental comparison shows overall higher acceptance levels of densification by US respondents. These multifaceted results allow us to better understand what drives people's acceptance of housing projects and how projects and planning processes can be designed to increase democratic acceptance of urban densification.

中文翻译：

---

规划工具提高了城市致密化的接受度

密集和紧凑的城市为人口和环境带来多项好处，包括遏制城市扩张、减少碳排放和增加住房供应。因此，建筑环境的致密化是全球当代城市规划的一个关键范例。然而，当地居民往往反对城市致密化，这激发了了解他们潜在担忧的需要。为此，我们在柏林、芝加哥、伦敦、洛杉矶、纽约和巴黎的 12,402 名参与者中结合联合调查实验和不同的邻近框架，研究了推动公众接受住房密集化项目的不同因素。受访者比较了具有不同属性的住房密集化项目，包括它们的地理邻近度、项目相关因素、以及配套的规划工具。结果表明，此类项目的接受度随着项目的临近而降低，并且与项目相关的因素（例如投资者类型、用途和气候目标）会影响致密化项目的接受度。更具体地说，我们看到了对营利性投资者项目的接受水平的负面影响，而当建议的开发项目是混合用途或气候中性时，我们看到了积极的影响。此外，租金控制、包容性分区和参与式规划等规划工具似乎对接受度产生积极影响。有趣的是，跨大陆比较显示美国受访者对致密化的总体接受程度更高。这些多方面的结果使我们能够更好地理解是什么驱使人们