Enteric fever, a potentially fatal multisystem disease that is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi, poses a significant risk in low- and middle-income countries. A retrospective study to understand the prevalence and evolving patterns of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi was undertaken from June 2017 to June 2022. A total of 4051 blood samples were collected from patients attending inpatient and outpatient departments of the School of Tropical Medicine (Kolkata, India) hospital. Blood samples were cultured, and culture positive samples were further processed for identification using conventional and automated systems. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using both the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and VITEK2 (bioMerieux). Forty-five (1.1%) Salmonella species were isolated among the number of total (n = 4051) samples that were tested. Out of the 45 Salmonella isolates, 35 were Salmonella Typhi (77.77%) and 10 were Salmonella Paratyphi A (22.23%). We found pronounced fluoroquinolone resistance of 100% in the recent years (2019–2022) in both of the S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A isolates. We found that 1 Salmonella Typhi and 2 Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates were resistant against multiple antibiotics (cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid), and 1 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Paratyphi A isolate was found in a recent study year (2020) and it showed resistance against different classes of antibiotics (cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems). There was no resistance that was detected to the 3^rd generation cephalosporins in the final years of the study. The emergence of Salmonella isolates that are resistant to multiple antibiotics poses a serious health problem. The antimicrobial resistance patterns that were detected in the study thus warrant further studies to understand the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern of Salmonella against the major classes of antibiotics.

中文翻译：

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改变沙门氏菌抗生素耐药性的范式，重点关注氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性：印度加尔各答一家三级医院肠热病的 5 年回顾性研究

肠热是一种潜在致命的多系统疾病，由伤寒沙门氏菌和副伤寒沙门氏菌引起，在低收入和中等收入国家构成重大风险。一项回顾性研究，以了解沙门氏菌中抗生素耐药性的流行和演变模式伤寒和副伤寒于 2017 年 6 月至 2022 年 6 月进行。从热带医学院（印度加尔各答）医院住院和门诊部的患者中采集了 4051 份血液样本。对血样进行培养，并对培养阳性样品进行进一步处理，以便使用常规和自动化系统进行鉴定。使用 Kirby-Bauer 圆盘扩散法和 VITEK2 (bioMerieux) 进行抗生素敏感性试验。在测试的总样本数 ( n = 4051)中分离出45 种 (1.1%)沙门氏菌。在 45株沙门氏菌中，35 株为伤寒沙门氏菌（77.77%），10株为沙门氏菌 甲型副伤寒（22.23%）。我们发现近年来（2019-2022 年）在S . 伤寒和S。甲型副伤寒分离株。我们发现 1株伤寒沙门氏菌和 2株副伤寒沙门氏菌 A 株对多种抗生素（头孢克肟、头孢曲松、环丙沙星和萘啶酸）具有耐药性，在最近的一个研究年（2020 年）发现了 1 株耐多药 (MDR) 副伤寒沙门氏菌 A 株它对不同类别的抗生素（头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类）具有抗药性。在研究的最后几年没有检测到对第 3 代头孢菌素的耐药^性。的出现对多种抗生素具有抗药性的沙门氏菌分离物会造成严重的健康问题。因此，研究中检测到的抗菌素耐药性模式值得进一步研究，以了解沙门氏菌对主要抗生素类别的抗生素敏感性和耐药性模式。