One-dimensional (1D) SiO₂ nanofibers (SNFs), one of the most popular inorganic nanomaterials, have aroused widespread attention because of their excellent chemical stability, as well as unique optical and thermal characteristics. Electrospinning is a straightforward and versatile method to prepare 1D SNFs with programmable structures, manageable dimensions, and modifiable properties, which hold great potential in many cutting-edge applications including aerospace, nanodevice, and energy. In this review, substantial advances in the structural design, controllable synthesis, and multifunctional applications of electrospun SNFs are highlighted. We begin with a brief introduction to the fundamental principles, available raw materials, and typical apparatus of electrospun SNFs. We then discuss the strategies for preparing SNFs with diverse structures in detail, especially stressing the newly emerging three-dimensional SiO₂ nanofibrous aerogels. We continue with focus on major breakthroughs about brittleness-to-flexibility transition of SNFs and the means to achieve their mechanical reinforcement. In addition, we showcase recent applications enabled by electrospun SNFs, with particular emphasis on physical protection, health care and water treatment. In the end, we summarize this review and provide some perspectives on the future development direction of electrospun SNFs.

一维 (1D) SiO ₂纳米纤维（SNFs）是最流行的无机纳米材料之一，因其优异的化学稳定性以及独特的光学和热学特性而引起广泛关注。静电纺丝是一种制备具有可编程结构、可管理尺寸和可修改特性的一维 SNF 的简单而通用的方法，在包括航空航天、纳米设备和能源在内的许多尖端应用中具有巨大潜力。在这篇综述中，重点介绍了电纺 SNF 在结构设计、可控合成和多功能应用方面的重大进展。我们首先简要介绍电纺 SNF 的基本原理、可用原材料和典型设备。然后，我们详细讨论了制备具有不同结构的 SNF 的策略，₂纳米纤维气凝胶。我们继续关注 SNF 从脆性到柔韧性转变的重大突破以及实现其机械增强的方法。此外，我们还展示了静电纺丝 SNF 的最新应用，特别强调身体保护、医疗保健和水处理。最后，我们总结了这篇综述，并对电纺 SNF 的未来发展方向提出了一些看法。