The lack of skilled labour pushes mature knowledge economies towards importing skills. Previous studies have shown that migrants' economic and social integration in their host societies depend on the recognition of their skills. Yet, the degree to which the certificates of migrants and their practical experience are recognised and additional training is offered, is contested. Interests conflict not only between unions and employers, but also among employers and unions themselves. We argue that social partners' preferences on foreign qualification recognition (FQR), recognition of experience and industry-wide training (in the following: FQR and related measures) are mainly determined by the existence of occupational labour markets. An occupational labour market segments the labour market and subsequently restricts access to these segments. FQR and related measures constitute a regulated avenue into these occupational labour markets, protecting these labour markets from an uncontrolled influx of workers. Empirically, this contribution compares whether and how hospitality and construction industries—two sectors that depend heavily on migrants and difficult to organise due to seasonal activity—recognise and remunerate foreign skills. The construction sector recognises and remunerates foreign skills to a much larger extent than the hospitality industry. Adopting the method of difference and based on expert interviews, the paper shows that the more social partners protect their domestic occupational labour market, the more they also support FQR and related measures. The article discusses the implications for migrants' wages and social inclusion, contributing to the analysis of socio-economic tensions in mature knowledge economies.

中文翻译：

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包括知识经济中的移民技能：承认外国学历、工作经验和行业课程的政治

熟练劳动力的缺乏将成熟的知识经济体推向了引进技能。先前的研究表明，移民在东道国社会的经济和社会融合取决于对他们技能的认可。然而，对移民证书及其实践经验的认可程度以及提供额外培训的程度存在争议。利益冲突不仅存在于工会与雇主之间，也存在于雇主与工会自身之间。我们认为，社会伙伴对外国资格认可 (FQR)、经验认可和全行业培训（以下简称：FQR 和相关措施）的偏好主要取决于职业劳动力市场的存在。职业劳动力市场将劳动力市场细分，随后限制进入这些细分市场。FQR 和相关措施构成了进入这些职业劳动力市场的受监管途径，保护这些劳动力市场免受不受控制的工人涌入的影响。从经验上看，这一贡献比较了酒店业和建筑业——这两个严重依赖移民且由于季节性活动而难以组织的行业——是否以及如何承认外国技能并为其提供报酬。与酒店业相比，建筑业对外国技能的认可和报酬要大得多。本文采用差异法，基于专家访谈，表明越是社会伙伴保护其国内职业劳动力市场，越是支持FQR及相关措施。文章讨论了对农民工工资和社会包容的影响，