As industrial demand for graphene-based materials (GBMs) grows, more attention falls on potential environmental risks. The present article describes a first assessment of the environmental releases of GBMs using dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis. The model considered all current or expected uses of GBMs from 2004 to 2030, during which time there have already been significant changes in how the graphene mass produced is distributed to different product categories. Although the volume of GBM production is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years, outflow from the consumption of products containing GBMs shows only a slightly positive trend due to their long lifetimes and the large in-use stock of some applications (e.g., GBM composites used in wind turbine blades). From consumption and end-of-life phase GBM mass flows in 2030, estimates suggest that more than 50% will be incinerated and oxidized in waste plants, 16% will be landfilled, 12% will be exported out of Europe, and 1.4% of the annual production will flow to the environment. Predicted release concentrations for 2030 are 1.4 ng/L in surface water and 20 μg/kg in sludge-treated soil. This study’s results could be used for prospective environmental risk assessments and as input for environmental fate models.

中文翻译：

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2004年至2030年欧洲石墨烯基材料的前瞻性动态和概率物质流分析


随着石墨烯基材料（GBM）的工业需求不断增长，潜在的环境风险也受到越来越多的关注。本文描述了使用动态概率物质流分析对 GBM 的环境释放进行的首次评估。该模型考虑了 2004 年至 2030 年 GBM 的所有当前或预期用途，在此期间，批量生产的石墨烯分配到不同产品类别的方式已经发生了重大变化。尽管GBM产量预计在未来几年呈指数级增长，但由于其使用寿命长以及某些应用（例如GBM复合材料）的大量使用库存，含有GBM的产品的消费流出仅显示出略微积极的趋势。用于风力涡轮机叶片）。根据 2030 年消费和报废阶段 GBM 质量流量，估计超过 50% 将在废物处理厂中焚烧和氧化，16% 将被填埋，12% 将出口到欧洲以外，1.4% 将在废物处理厂中被焚烧和氧化。每年的产量将流向环境。预计 2030 年地表水中的释放浓度为 1.4 ng/L，污泥处理土壤中的释放浓度为 20 μg/kg。这项研究的结果可用于前瞻性环境风险评估并作为环境命运模型的输入。