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Causal inference for the covariance between breeding values under identity disequilibrium
Genetics Selection Evolution ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2022-09-23 , DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00750-6
Rodolfo J C Cantet 1, 2 , Belcy K Angarita-Barajas 2 , Natalia S Forneris 1, 2 , Sebastián Munilla 1, 2
Affiliation  

The covariance matrix of breeding values is at the heart of prediction methods. Prediction of breeding values can be formulated using either an “observed” or a theoretical covariance matrix, and a major argument for choosing one or the other is the reduction of the computational burden for inverting such a matrix. In this regard, covariance matrices that are derived from Markov causal models possess properties that deliver sparse inverses. By using causal Markov models, we express the breeding value of an individual as a linear regression on ancestral breeding values, plus a residual term, which we call residual breeding value (RBV). The latter is a noise term that accounts for the uncertainty in prediction due to lack of fit of the linear regression. A notable property of these models is the parental Markov condition, through which the multivariate distribution of breeding values is uniquely determined by the distribution of the mutually independent RBV. Animal breeders have long been relying on a causal Markov model, while using the additive relationship matrix as the covariance matrix structure of breeding values, which is calculated assuming gametic equilibrium. However, additional covariances among breeding values arise due to identity disequilibrium, which is defined as the difference between the covariance matrix under the multi-loci probability of identity-by-descent ( $$\varvec{\Sigma}$$ ) and its expectation under gametic phase equilibrium, i.e., A. The disequilibrium term $$\varvec{\Sigma}$$ −A is considered in the model for predicting breeding values called the “ancestral regression” (AR), a causal Markov model. Here, we introduce the “ancestral regression to parents” (PAR) causal Markov model, which reduces the computational burden of the AR approach. By taking advantage of the conditional independence property of the PAR Markov model, we derive covariances between the breeding values of grandparents and grand-offspring and between parents and offspring. In addition, we obtain analytical expressions for the covariance between collateral relatives under the PAR model, as well as for the inbreeding coefficient. We introduced the causal PAR Markov model that captures identity disequilibrium in the covariances among breeding values and produces a sparse inverse covariance matrix to build and solve a set of mixed model equations.

中文翻译:

身份不平衡下育种值协方差的因果推断

育种值的协方差矩阵是预测方法的核心。育种值的预测可以使用“观察到的”或理论协方差矩阵来制定,选择其中一个的主要论据是减少反转这种矩阵的计算负担。在这方面,源自马尔可夫因果模型的协方差矩阵具有提供稀疏逆的属性。通过使用因果马尔可夫模型,我们将个体的育种值表示为祖先育种值的线性回归,加上一个残差项,我们称之为残差育种值 (RBV)。后者是一个噪声项,它解释了由于线性回归缺乏拟合而导致的预测不确定性。这些模型的一个显着特性是父母马尔可夫条件,通过它,育种值的多元分布由相互独立的 RBV 的分布唯一确定。长期以来,动物育种者一直依赖因果马尔可夫模型,同时使用加性关系矩阵作为育种值的协方差矩阵结构,这是在假设配子平衡的情况下计算的。然而,由于身份不平衡,育种值之间会出现额外的协方差,身份不平衡被定义为多基因座身份下降概率 ( $$\varvec{\Sigma}$$ ) 下的协方差矩阵与其期望之间的差异在配子相平衡下,即 A。在称为“祖先回归”(AR) 的因果马尔可夫模型预测育种值的模型中考虑了不平衡项 $$\varvec{\Sigma}$$ −A。这里,我们引入了“父母的祖先回归”(PAR)因果马尔可夫模型,它减少了 AR 方法的计算负担。通过利用 PAR Markov 模型的条件独立性,我们推导了祖父母和孙子的育种值之间以及父母和后代之间的协方差。此外,我们还得到了 PAR 模型下旁系亲属之间的协方差以及近交系数的解析表达式。我们引入了因果 PAR 马尔可夫模型,该模型捕获育种值协方差中的身份不平衡,并生成稀疏逆协方差矩阵来构建和求解一组混合模型方程。通过利用 PAR Markov 模型的条件独立性,我们推导了祖父母和孙子的育种值之间以及父母和后代之间的协方差。此外,我们还得到了 PAR 模型下旁系亲属之间的协方差以及近交系数的解析表达式。我们引入了因果 PAR 马尔可夫模型,该模型捕获育种值协方差中的身份不平衡,并生成稀疏逆协方差矩阵来构建和求解一组混合模型方程。通过利用 PAR Markov 模型的条件独立性,我们推导了祖父母和孙子的育种值之间以及父母和后代之间的协方差。此外,我们还得到了 PAR 模型下旁系亲属之间的协方差以及近交系数的解析表达式。我们引入了因果 PAR 马尔可夫模型,该模型捕获育种值协方差中的身份不平衡,并生成稀疏逆协方差矩阵来构建和求解一组混合模型方程。我们得到了 PAR 模型下旁系亲属之间的协方差以及近亲繁殖系数的解析表达式。我们引入了因果 PAR 马尔可夫模型,该模型捕获育种值协方差中的身份不平衡,并生成稀疏逆协方差矩阵来构建和求解一组混合模型方程。我们得到了 PAR 模型下旁系亲属之间的协方差以及近亲繁殖系数的解析表达式。我们引入了因果 PAR 马尔可夫模型,该模型捕获育种值协方差中的身份不平衡,并生成稀疏逆协方差矩阵来构建和求解一组混合模型方程。
更新日期:2022-09-23
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