Exercise training can improve the growth performance, immunocompetence, and stress resistance of fish, even altering their physiological parameters and gene expression. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) that originally lived in rivers and lakes are now often raised in ponds without flowing water, leading to a lack of exercise. This study examined the effects of exercise training on largemouth bass (with initial body length 10.68 ± 0.32 cm) growth performance by analyzing white muscle microanatomy and angiogenesis and by measuring antioxidant capacity in muscle and liver. Three water velocities were employed to assess the effects for 60 days: V0 (0 cm/s, control), V1 (13.4 ± 0.4 cm/s), and V2 (26.5 ± 0.9 cm/s). The results showed that: ① both exercise groups had higher feeding rates, and group V1 exercised fish showed significant increases in weight gain, specific growth rate, and final body length. ② Exercise training promoted muscle hypertrophy by increasing fiber cross-sectional area in the group V1. The expression levels of growth-related genes such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase β 1 (S6K1β) were upregulated, accompanied by inhibition of growth in the group V2 via upregulation of the expression of muscle ring protein 1 (MuRF1) and atrogin-1. ③ Exercise training significantly promoted angiogenesis processes, and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptor VEGFR2 was upregulated in liver and muscle. ④ Exercise training reduced the risk of oxidative stress in liver and muscle by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in the group V1; however, fish in the group V2 had decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents in muscle and thus may have been at risk of oxidative stress. In conclusion, exercise training with an appropriate water flow velocity can stimulate the growth potential of largemouth bass through muscle hypertrophy and enhance capillarization and antioxidant capacity.

运动训练可以提高鱼的生长性能、免疫能力和抗压能力，甚至可以改变它们的生理参数和基因表达。大嘴鲈鱼 ( Micropterus salmoides) 原来生活在江湖中，现在经常在没有流动的水的池塘里饲养，导致缺乏运动。本研究通过分析白肌显微解剖和血管生成以及测量肌肉和肝脏的抗氧化能力，检验了运动训练对大嘴鲈鱼（初始体长 10.68 ± 0.32 厘米）生长性能的影响。采用三种水速来评估 60 天的效果：V0（0 厘米/秒，对照）、V1（13.4 ± 0.4 厘米/秒）和 V2（26.5 ± 0.9 厘米/秒）。结果表明：①两个运动组的摄食率均较高，V1组运动鱼的增重、比生长率和最终体长均显着增加。②运动训练通过增加V1组的纤维横截面积促进肌肉肥大。生长相关基因如胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）和核糖体蛋白S6激酶β1（S6K1β）的表达水平上调，伴随着生长抑制V2 组通过上调肌肉环蛋白 1 (MuRF1) 和 atrogin-1 的表达。③运动训练显着促进血管生成过程，血管内皮生长因子A（VEGF-A）及其受体VEGFR2等血管生成相关基因在肝脏和肌肉中的表达上调。④运动训练通过增加V1组的抗氧化酶活性来降低肝脏和肌肉发生氧化应激的风险；然而，V2组的鱼抗氧化酶活性降低，肌肉中丙二醛（MDA）和活性氧（ROS）含量增加，因此可能存在氧化应激的风险。总之，适当水流速度的运动训练可以通过肌肉肥大来刺激大口黑鲈的生长潜力，增强毛细血管化和抗氧化能力。