Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common new cancer case and the second most fatal malignancy in men. Surgery, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main clinical treatment options for PCa. However, most prostate cancers can develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and due to the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells, they become resistant to different treatments and activate tumor-promoting signaling pathways, thereby inducing chemoresistance, radioresistance, ADT resistance, and immune resistance. Nanotechnology, which can combine treatment with diagnostic imaging tools, is emerging as a promising treatment modality in prostate cancer therapy. Nanoparticles can not only promote their accumulation at the pathological site through passive targeting techniques for enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), but also provide additional advantages for active targeting using different ligands. This property results in a reduced drug dose to achieve the desired effect, a longer duration of action within the tumor and fewer side effects on healthy tissues. In addition, nanotechnology can create good synergy with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy and gene therapy to enhance their therapeutic effects with greater scope, and reduce the resistance of prostate cancer. In this article, we intend to review and discuss the latest technologies regarding the use of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer.

前列腺癌 (PCa) 是最常见的新发癌症病例，也是男性第二致命的恶性肿瘤。手术、内分泌治疗、放疗和化疗是PCa的主要临床治疗选择。然而，大多数前列腺癌可以发展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌（CRPC），并且由于前列腺癌细胞的侵袭性，它们对不同的治疗产生耐药性并激活促肿瘤信号通路，从而诱导化学抗性、放射抗性、ADT抗性、和免疫抵抗。可以将治疗与诊断成像工具相结合的纳米技术正在成为前列腺癌治疗中一种有前途的治疗方式。纳米粒子不仅可以通过被动靶向技术促进其在病理部位的积累，从而增强渗透性和保留（EPR），而且还为使用不同配体的主动靶向提供了额外的优势。这种特性导致减少药物剂量以达到预期效果，在肿瘤内的作用持续时间更长，对健康组织的副作用更少。此外，纳米技术可以与放疗、化疗、热疗、光动力疗法和基因疗法产生良好的协同作用，在更大范围内增强其治疗效果，降低前列腺癌的抵抗力。在本文中，我们打算回顾和讨论有关使用纳米材料作为前列腺癌治疗和诊断工具的最新技术。在肿瘤内的作用时间更长，对健康组织的副作用更少。此外，纳米技术可以与放疗、化疗、热疗、光动力疗法和基因疗法产生良好的协同作用，在更大范围内增强其治疗效果，降低前列腺癌的抵抗力。在本文中，我们打算回顾和讨论有关使用纳米材料作为前列腺癌治疗和诊断工具的最新技术。在肿瘤内的作用时间更长，对健康组织的副作用更少。此外，纳米技术可以与放疗、化疗、热疗、光动力疗法和基因疗法产生良好的协同作用，在更大范围内增强其治疗效果，降低前列腺癌的抵抗力。在本文中，我们打算回顾和讨论有关使用纳米材料作为前列腺癌治疗和诊断工具的最新技术。