This study aims to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles with rutin (ZnO-R NPs) using a green synthesis approach and characterise the nanostructures for diverse biomedical applications. In this study, the optical and chemical properties of synthesised ZnO-R NPs were verified through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed a symmetric bending vibration peak of 460 cm⁻¹ for ZnO-R NPs, whereas UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct absorption band at 395 nm. Moreover, the oval-shaped morphology of ZnO-R NPs was verified through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesised nanoformulation revealed a wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 13.22 nm; however, the zeta potential value was recorded as −8.50 ± 0.46 mV for ZnO-R NPs. According to an antioxidant study, ZnO-R NPs demonstrated lower free-radical scavenging activity than pure rutin. The cytotoxicity study was conducted using a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). In vitro analysis verified that ZnO-R NPs exhibited significantly higher anticancer and microbial growth inhibition activities than standard ZnO NPs (ZnO Std NPs) and pure rutin. In addition, ZnO-R NPs revealed a significantly lower IC₅₀ value than the commercial ZnO Std NPs and pure rutin in MCF-7 cells (16.39 ± 6.03 μg/mL, 27 ± 0.91 μg/mL and 350 ± 30.1 μg/mL, respectively) after 48 h. However, synthesised ZnO-R NPs demonstrated no significant toxicity towards Artemia nauplii. These results highlight the synthesis of rutin-mediated ZnO NPs and their possible chemotherapeutic potential.

中文翻译：

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用生物类黄酮芦丁合成氧化锌纳米颗粒：表征、抗氧化和抗菌活性以及对卤虫无节幼体的体内细胞毒作用

本研究旨在使用绿色合成方法合成具有芦丁（ZnO-R NPs）的氧化锌纳米颗粒，并表征用于各种生物医学应用的纳米结构。在本研究中，通过傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱和紫外-可见 (UV-Vis) 光谱验证了合成的 ZnO-R NPs 的光学和化学性质。FTIR光谱显示460 cm ^{-1的对称弯曲振动峰}对于 ZnO-R NPs，而 UV-Vis 光谱在 395 nm 处显示出明显的吸收带。此外，通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜验证了 ZnO-R NPs 的椭圆形形态。合成的纳米制剂显示出纤锌矿结构，微晶尺寸为 13.22 nm；然而，对于 ZnO-R NPs，zeta 电位值记录为 -8.50 ± 0.46 mV。根据一项抗氧化研究，ZnO-R NPs 的自由基清除活性低于纯芦丁。使用人乳腺癌细胞系 (MCF-7) 进行细胞毒性研究。体外分析证实，与标准 ZnO NPs (ZnO Std NPs) 和纯芦丁相比，ZnO-R NPs 表现出显着更高的抗癌和微生物生长抑制活性。此外，ZnO-R NPs 显示出显着降低的 IC₄₈小时后，MCF-7 细胞中的商业 ZnO Std NPs 和纯芦丁（分别为 16.39 ± 6.03 μg/mL、27 ± 0.91 μg/mL 和 350 ± 30.1 μg/mL）的 50 值。然而，合成的 ZnO-R NPs 对卤虫无节幼体没有显着的毒性。这些结果突出了芦丁介导的 ZnO NPs 的合成及其可能的化学治疗潜力。