Due to the harmful effects of synthetic chemical acaricides on ecosystems and human health, there is increasing interest in the use of nanotechnology to fabricate eco-friendly nanoemulsions based on plant oils in the field of spider mite control. In this study, nanoemulsions of abamectin, garlic, and neem oils were prepared by a high-energy approach and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The droplet sizes of all tested nanoemulsions were less than 100 nm. The acaricidal activities of the prepared nanoemulsions compared to abamectin were evaluated against a susceptible laboratory strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory and field conditions. The results showed that abamectin nanoemulsion was the most toxic compound against adult females of T. urticae followed by abamectin emulsion. Neem nanoemulsion had moderate toxicity and garlic nanoemulsion had the lowest toxicity. The effects of tested compound residues on egg deposition and egg hatching in descending order were as follows: abamectin nanoemulsion > abamectin emulsion > neem oil nanoemulsion < garlic oil nanoemulsion. In the field experiment, all tested compounds were effective in reducing the population density of T. urticae in the motile stage, with mean reductions ranging between 66.08% and 95.24% for all compounds. The most effective compound was abamectin nanoemulsion. The results of the present study demonstrate that nanoemulsion enhanced the biological activity of abamectin. Further, neem and garlic oil nanoemulsions have potential utility as environmentally friendly acaricides in integrated pest management programs.

中文翻译：

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在实验室和野外条件下，阿维菌素和植物油基纳米乳剂的配方对二斑叶螨叶螨（螨科：叶螨科）有效

由于合成化学杀螨剂对生态系统和人类健康的有害影响，在红蜘蛛防治领域，人们越来越关注使用纳米技术制造基于植物油的环保纳米乳液。在这项研究中，通过高能方法制备了阿维菌素、大蒜和印楝油的纳米乳液，并通过透射电子显微镜对其进行了表征。所有测试的纳米乳液的液滴尺寸均小于 100 nm。与阿维菌素相比，制备的纳米乳剂的杀螨活性在实验室和野外条件下针对易感实验室菌株 Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) 进行了评估。结果表明，阿维菌素纳米乳对成年雌性荨麻疹毒性最大，其次是阿维菌素乳剂。印楝纳米乳毒性中等，大蒜纳米乳毒性最低。受试化合物残留对卵子沉积和卵孵化的影响依次为：阿维菌素纳米乳>阿维菌素乳剂>印楝油纳米乳<大蒜油纳米乳。在田间试验中，所有受试化合物均能有效降低运动期荨麻疹的种群密度，所有化合物的平均降低幅度在 66.08% 至 95.24% 之间。最有效的化合物是阿维菌素纳米乳。本研究结果表明，纳米乳增强了阿维菌素的生物活性。此外，印度楝树和大蒜油纳米乳液在害虫综合治理计划中具有作为环境友好型杀螨剂的潜在用途。