Adequate supplies of healthy foods available in each country are a necessary but not sufficient condition for adequate intake by each individual. Here we provide complete nutrient balance sheets that account for all plant-based and animal-sourced food flows from farm production through trade to non-food uses and waste in 173 countries from 1961 to 2018. We track 36 bioactive compounds in all farm commodities recorded by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accounting for nutrient-specific losses in processing and cooking as well as bioavailability. We compare supply with requirements given each country’s age–sex distribution and find that the adequacy of food supplies has increased but often remains below total needs, with even faster rise in energy levels and lower density of some nutrients per calorie. We use this nutrient accounting to show how gaps could be filled, either from food production and trade or from selected biofortification, fortification and supplementation scenarios for nutrients of concern such as vitamin A, iron and zinc.

每个国家充足的健康食品供应是每个人充足摄入的必要但非充分条件。在这里，我们提供完整的营养平衡表，涵盖 1961 年至 2018 年 173 个国家从农业生产到贸易再到非食品用途和废物的所有植物性和动物源性食品流动。我们跟踪记录的所有农产品中的 36 种生物活性化合物由联合国粮食及农业组织制定，解释了加工和烹饪过程中特定营养素的损失以及生物利用度。我们根据每个国家的年龄性别分布将供应与需求进行比较，发现粮食供应充足率有所增加，但往往仍低于总需求，能量水平上升更快，每卡路里某些营养素的密度更低。我们利用这种营养核算来展示如何填补缺口，无论是通过食品生产和贸易，还是通过针对维生素 A、铁和锌等相关营养物质的选定生物强化、强化和补充方案。