The goal of the research was to examine the thermal degradation of pomegranate peel to determine its pyrolytic behavior for bio-energy generation. Initial characterizations (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, biochemical analysis, and higher heating value) were performed before thermal deterioration to ensure that it was suitable for the pyrolysis process. Later, in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer with inert gas, thermo-gravimetric studies were carried out from ambient temperature to 1000 °C at three distinct heating rates (15, 20, and 25 °C/min). Thermo-gravimetric measurements revealed that the greatest devolatilization occurred between 200 and 540 °C. Four iso-conversional models (FWO, KAS, Tang, and Starink) were used for kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. The results revealed that the average activation energies were found 137.79, 149.63, 168.47, and 163.97 kJ/mol for FWO, KAS, Tang, and Starink model, respectively. The potential energy barrier (~ 4–8 kJ/mol) between activation energy and reaction enthalpy demonstrated favorable circumstances for product formation. Average Gibbs free energy change (∆G) for pomegranate peel by using iso-conversional FWO, KAS, Tang, and Starink model was found to be 81.84, 145.54, 80.53, and 80.83 kJ/mol, respectively. Thus, kinetic and thermodynamic data demonstrated that pomegranate peel had sufficient bioenergy potential.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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石榴皮热解动力学和热力学的TG/DTG分析

该研究的目的是检查石榴皮的热降解，以确定其用于生物能源发电的热解行为。在热劣化之前进行了初步表征（近似分析、最终分析、生化分析和更高的热值），以确保它适用于热解过程。后来，在具有惰性气体的热重分析仪中，以三种不同的加热速率（15、20 和 25°C/分钟）从环境温度到 1000°C 进行了热重研究。热重测量表明，最大的挥发分发生在 200 至 540 °C 之间。四个等转换模型（FWO、KAS、Tang 和 Starink）用于动力学和热力学分析。结果表明，平均活化能为 137.79、149.63、FWO、KAS、Tang 和 Starink 模型分别为 168.47 和 163.97 kJ/mol。活化能和反应焓之间的势能势垒（~4-8 kJ/mol）证明了有利于产物形成的环境。使用等转换 FWO、KAS、Tang 和 Starink 模型发现石榴皮的平均吉布斯自由能变化 (ΔG) 分别为 81.84、145.54、80.53 和 80.83 kJ/mol。因此，动力学和热力学数据表明石榴皮具有足够的生物能源潜力。Starink 模型分别为 81.84、145.54、80.53 和 80.83 kJ/mol。因此，动力学和热力学数据表明石榴皮具有足够的生物能源潜力。Starink 模型分别为 81.84、145.54、80.53 和 80.83 kJ/mol。因此，动力学和热力学数据表明石榴皮具有足够的生物能源潜力。

图形概要