Triticale is becoming an increasingly important livestock crop production. This is evidenced by increasing triticale-producing areas and by improved yields. In addition, meeting the increasing demand for cereals involves the introduction of high-yielding and stress-resistant varieties into breeding. In vitro culture techniques can accelerate the development of new varieties. Therefore, it seems extremely important to develop efficient plant regeneration methods through in vitro cultures and to understand the mechanisms involved in gaining regenerants. Obtaining regenerants of triticale through somatic embryogenesis and androgenesis may lead to tissue culture-induced variation. In the present study, we compared regenerants obtained in both regeneration systems (anther and immature zygotic embryo cultures), considering the level of genetic and epigenetic changes observed in different DNA sequence contexts for methylated cytosine (CG, CHG, CHH). The changes concerning the DNA sequence (so-called sequence variation) and the changes concerning the DNA methylation patterns, i.e., the removal of methylated cytosine (DNA demethylation) and the introduction of methylation to cytosine (de novo DNA methylation), were analyzed. We observed that regenerants derived via somatic embryogenesis and androgenesis differ notably for demethylation in the symmetrical CG sequence context and de novo methylation in the asymmetrical CHH context. These changes may be related to the reprogramming of microspore development from gametophytic to sporophytic and lack of such process in zygotic embryos.

黑小麦正成为越来越重要的畜牧作物生产。这可以通过增加小黑麦产区和提高产量来证明。此外，为了满足对谷物日益增长的需求，还需要在育种中引入高产和抗逆品种。体外培养技术可以加速新品种的开发。因此，通过体外培养开发有效的植物再生方法并了解获得再生体的机制似乎极为重要。通过体细胞胚胎发生和雄激素生成获得黑小麦的再生体可能会导致组织培养诱导的变异。在本研究中，我们比较了在两种再生系统（花药和未成熟合子胚胎培养物）中获得的再生体，考虑到在甲基化胞嘧啶（CG、CHG、CHH）的不同 DNA 序列环境中观察到的遗传和表观遗传变化水平。分析了有关 DNA 序列的变化（所谓的序列变异）和有关 DNA 甲基化模式的变化，即甲基化胞嘧啶的去除（DNA 去甲基化）和胞嘧啶甲基化的引入（从头 DNA 甲基化）。我们观察到，通过体细胞胚胎发生和雄激素发生衍生的再生体在对称 CG 序列环境中的去甲基化和不对称 CHH 环境中的从头甲基化方面显着不同。这些变化可能与小孢子发育从配子体到孢子体的重编程以及合子胚胎中缺乏这种过程有关。