Monsoon and its teleconnection with earth system internal processes affect the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation and water resources. In this paper, the wavelet coherence analysis has been utilized, a time and frequency domain methodology for comparing the spectral features of two independent time series superior to linear approaches. This technique is used to capture the significant modes of variabilities in the Indian Summer Monsoon Index (ISMI) and large-scale climate indices (CIs) between ocean–atmosphere oscillations, like Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO) over Pakistan. Precipitation time series during 1960–2016 revealed significant interannual coherences with ISMI, whereas the remaining CIs (IOD, ENSO, PDO, SOI, NAO, AMO, and AO) revealed interannual, decadal and interdecadal coherences. However, AO revealed strongest coherences in R-II, III, and VI at interdecadal scales among all CIs. Overall, the interannual cycles on ISMI are 2.8 years, IOD 1–5.3 years, PDO 0–5.3 years, SOI 1–5.3 years, NAO 0–5 years, AO 0–5 years, and AMO 0–8.3 years. Whereas, the remaining CIs shared interdecadal coherences over particular regions. The ISMI displayed coherences (except in the UIB) with the large-scale CIs over various homogenous regions on an interannual scale. The dominant influence of ISMI is observed in R-II and III; the significant coherences in R-II ranged from ~8 to 32 months (~0.8–2.8 years). The IOD and NAO have major coherences than the remaining large-scale CIs ranging from ~16 to 64 months (1.3–5.3 years). The AO has the most significant coherences observed in R-II, III, and VI on the decadal/interdecadal scale from 128 months and above (almost 10–15 years). On a 1.0-year timescale, all homogenous regions demonstrated strong intermittent coherence with ISMI, IOD, ENSO, PDO, SOI, NAO, AMO, and AO. These findings have substantial implications for decision-makers and scientists in Pakistan looking to enhance water resource planning and operations in the face of future climate uncertainties.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦季风和大尺度气候变率与降水的小波相干性

季风及其与地球系统内部过程的遥相关影响降水和水资源的时空分布。在本文中，小波相干分析已被利用，这是一种时域和频域方法，用于比较优于线性方法的两个独立时间序列的频谱特征。该技术用于捕获印度夏季风指数 (ISMI) 和大尺度气候指数 (CI) 之间海洋-大气振荡的显着变化模式，如印度洋偶极子 (IOD)、厄尔尼诺-南方涛动 (ENSO) )、太平洋年代际涛动 (PDO)、南方涛动指数 (SOI)、北大西洋涛动 (NAO)、大西洋多年代际涛动 (AMO) 和巴基斯坦上空的北极涛动 (AO)。1960-2016 年的降水时间序列揭示了与 ISMI 的显着年际一致性，而其余 CI（IOD、ENSO、PDO、SOI、NAO、AMO 和 AO）揭示了年际、年代际和年代际一致性。然而，AO 在所有 CI 的年代际尺度上显示出 R-II、III 和 VI 中最强的一致性。总体而言，ISMI 的年际周期为 2.8 年，IOD 1-5.3 年，PDO 0-5.3 年，SOI 1-5.3 年，NAO 0-5 年，AO 0-5 年，AMO 0-8.3 年。然而，其余的 CI 在特定区域共享年代际一致性。ISMI 在年际尺度上显示出与各种同质区域的大尺度 CI 的一致性（UIB 除外）。在 R-II 和 III 中观察到 ISMI 的主要影响；R-II 的显着一致性范围为 ~8 到 32 个月（~0.8-2.8 年）。IOD 和 NAO 比其余的大规模 CI 具有主要的一致性，范围从 ~16 到 64 个月（1.3-5.3 年）。AO 在 R-II、III、VI 在 128 个月及以上（将近 10-15 年）的年代际/年代际尺度上。在 1.0 年的时间尺度上，所有同质区域都表现出与 ISMI、IOD、ENSO、PDO、SOI、NAO、AMO 和 AO 的强间歇性相干性。这些发现对巴基斯坦的决策者和科学家在面对未来气候不确定性时寻求加强水资源规划和运营具有重大意义。