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A dark and stormy night: Reallocation storms in edge computing
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-09-15 , DOI: 10.1186/s13638-022-02170-y
Lauri Lovén , Ella Peltonen , Leena Ruha , Erkki Harjula , Susanna Pirttikangas

Efficient resource usage in edge computing requires clever allocation of the workload of application components. In this paper, we show that under certain circumstances, the number of superfluous workload reallocations from one edge server to another may grow to a significant proportion of all user tasks—a phenomenon we present as a reallocation storm. We showcase this phenomenon on a city-scale edge server deployment by simulating the allocation of user task workloads in a number of scenarios capturing likely edge computing deployments and usage patterns. The simulations are based on a large real-world data set of city-wide Wi-Fi network connections, with more than 47M connections over ca. 560 access points. We study the occurrence of reallocation storms in three common edge-based reallocation strategies and compare the latency–workload trade-offs related to each strategy. As a result, we find that the superfluous reallocations vanish when the edge server capacity is increased above a certain threshold, unique for each reallocation strategy, peaking at ca. 35% of the peak ES workload. Further, while a reallocation strategy aiming to minimize latency consistently resulted in the worst reallocation storms, the two other strategies, namely a random reallocation strategy and a bottom-up strategy which always chooses the edge server with the lowest workload as a reallocation target, behave nearly identically in terms of latency as well as the reallocation storm in dense edge deployments. Since the random strategy requires much less coordination, we recommend it over the bottom-up one in dense ES deployments. Moreover, we study the conditions associated with reallocation storms. We discover that edge servers with the very highest workloads are best associated with reallocation storms, with other servers around the few busy nodes thus mirroring their workload. Further, we identify circumstances associated with an elevated risk of reallocation storms, such as summertime (ca. 4 times the risk than on average) and on weekends (ca. 1.5 times the risk). Furthermore, mass events such as popular sports games incurred a high risk (nearly 10 times that of the average) of a reallocation storm in a MEC-based scenario.



中文翻译:

一个黑暗而暴风雨的夜晚:边缘计算中的重新分配风暴

边缘计算中的高效资源使用需要巧妙地分配应用程序组件的工作负载。在本文中,我们展示了在某些情况下,从一个边缘服务器到另一个边缘服务器的多余工作负载重新分配的数量可能会增长到所有用户任务的很大一部分——我们将这种现象称为重新分配风暴。我们通过在捕捉可能的边缘计算部署和使用模式的许多场景中模拟用户任务工作负载的分配,在城市规模的边缘服务器部署中展示了这种现象。模拟基于城市范围内 Wi-Fi 网络连接的大型真实世界数据集,超过 4700 万个连接超过 ca。560 个接入点。我们研究了三种常见的基于边缘的重新分配策略中重新分配风暴的发生,并比较了与每种策略相关的延迟-工作负载权衡。结果,我们发现当边缘服务器容量增加到某个阈值以上时,多余的重新分配就会消失,对于每个重新分配策略都是唯一的,在 ca 达到峰值。峰值 ES 工作负载的 35%。此外,虽然旨在最小化延迟的重新分配策略始终导致最严重的重新分配风暴,但其他两种策略,即随机重新分配策略和始终选择工作负载最低的边缘服务器作为重新分配目标的自下而上策略,表现得在延迟和密集边缘部署中的重新分配风暴方面几乎相同。由于随机策略需要更少的协调,我们建议在密集的 ES 部署中使用自下而上的方法。此外,我们研究了与重新分配风暴相关的条件。我们发现具有最高工作负载的边缘服务器与重新分配风暴最相关,其他服务器围绕少数繁忙的节点,从而镜像它们的工作负载。此外,我们确定了与重新分配风暴风险升高相关的情况,例如夏季(大约是平均风险的 4 倍)和周末(大约是风险的 1.5 倍)。此外,在基于 MEC 的场景中,流行的体育比赛等大型赛事会产生高风险(几乎是平均水平的 10 倍)重新分配风暴。我们发现具有最高工作负载的边缘服务器与重新分配风暴最相关,其他服务器围绕少数繁忙的节点,从而镜像它们的工作负载。此外,我们确定了与重新分配风暴风险升高相关的情况,例如夏季(大约是平均风险的 4 倍)和周末(大约是风险的 1.5 倍)。此外,在基于 MEC 的场景中,流行的体育比赛等大型赛事会产生高风险(几乎是平均水平的 10 倍)重新分配风暴。我们发现具有最高工作负载的边缘服务器与重新分配风暴最相关,其他服务器围绕少数繁忙的节点,从而镜像它们的工作负载。此外,我们确定了与重新分配风暴风险升高相关的情况,例如夏季(大约是平均风险的 4 倍)和周末(大约是风险的 1.5 倍)。此外,在基于 MEC 的场景中,流行的体育比赛等大型赛事会产生高风险(几乎是平均水平的 10 倍)重新分配风暴。

更新日期:2022-09-16
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