The surface mucosa that lines many of our organs houses myriad biometric signals and, therefore, has great potential as a sensor–tissue interface for high-fidelity and long-term biosensing. However, progress is still nascent for mucosa-interfacing electronics owing to challenges with establishing robust sensor–tissue interfaces; device localization, retention and removal; and power and data transfer. This is in sharp contrast to the rapidly advancing field of skin-interfacing electronics, which are replacing traditional hospital visits with minimally invasive, real-time, continuous and untethered biosensing. This Review aims to bridge the gap between skin-interfacing electronics and mucosa-interfacing electronics systems through a comparison of the properties and functions of the skin and internal mucosal surfaces. The major physiological signals accessible through mucosa-lined organs are surveyed and design considerations for the next generation of mucosa-interfacing electronics are outlined based on state-of-the-art developments in bio-integrated electronics. With this Review, we aim to inspire hardware solutions that can serve as a foundation for developing personalized biosensing from the mucosa, a relatively uncharted field with great scientific and clinical potential.

我们许多器官的表面粘膜含有无数的生物识别信号，因此作为高保真和长期生物传感的传感器-组织界面具有巨大的潜力。然而，由于建立稳健的传感器-组织接口面临挑战，粘膜接口电子器件的进展仍处于初期阶段。设备定位、保留和移除；以及电力和数据传输。这与快速发展的皮肤接口电子领域形成鲜明对比，皮肤接口电子设备正在以微创、实时、连续和不受束缚的生物传感取代传统的医院就诊。本综述旨在通过比较皮肤和内粘膜表面的特性和功能，弥合皮肤接口电子设备和粘膜接口电子系统之间的差距。对通过粘膜内衬器官可访问的主要生理信号进行了调查，并根据生物集成电子学的最先进发展概述了下一代粘膜接口电子学的设计考虑因素。通过这篇综述，我们的目标是激发硬件解决方案，这些解决方案可以作为开发粘膜个性化生物传感的基础，这是一个相对未知的领域，具有巨大的科学和临床潜力。