To produce seeds of native species for ecological restoration, cultivating semi-natural grasslands can be a strategy that avoids the environmental impacts of conventional seed propagation and favours the conservation of species-rich grasslands. In a lowland grassland in northern Italy, the effects of three mineral fertilisation treatments (0–0–0, 0–54–108, and 192–108–216 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O; abbreviations: 000, 0pk, and NPK) on seed production were studied in a fully randomised block design. Fertile shoots of flowering species were collected and analysed for seed content, and species phenology was recorded during field observations. The grassland environmental quality was described based on soil analyses and indices of natural (plant and insect richness) and aesthetic (flower colour) value. NPK produced the highest viable seed amount (59,375 m⁻² year⁻¹). The seed mixture was composed mostly of grasses (97%) and included the lowest species number (34). NPK also had the lowest environmental value. In 0pk, the nitrogen from legume rhizobial fixation allowed the production of an intermediate viable seed amount (28,485 m⁻² year⁻¹) with an intermediate forb seed percentage (14%) and the highest species number in the vegetation (42) and collected as seeds. In 000, the seed amount was the lowest (8310 m⁻² year⁻¹), but the species number (40) and forb percentage in the seed mixture (39%) were high. The natural and aesthetic values did not significantly differ between 0pk and 000. The P soil content increased strongly in NPK, whereas decreases or insignificant increases in P and K were recorded in 0pk and 000. Mineral 0pk fertilisation allows for relatively high seed production with high legume and forb richness by avoiding the distribution of nitrogen fertilisers that potentially impact the environment. This strategy seems to be a good option for producing environmentally friendly seed mixtures of many native species from semi-natural grasslands.

为了生产用于生态恢复的本地物种的种子，培育半天然草原可以是避免传统种子繁殖对环境的影响并有利于保护物种丰富的草原的策略。在意大利北部的低地草原，三种矿物施肥处理（0-0-0、0-54-108 和 192-108-216 kg ha ^{-1 -1}年^-1的 N、P ₂ O ₅和K ₂○；缩写：000、0pk 和 NPK）在完全随机区组设计中研究了种子生产。收集开花物种的可育芽并分析种子含量，并在野外观察期间记录物种物候。基于土壤分析和自然（植物和昆虫丰富度）和审美（花色）价值指数来描述草地环境质量。NPK 产生了最高的可存活种子量（59,375 m ^-2年^-1）。种子混合物主要由草组成（97%），包括最少的物种数（34）。NPK 的环境价值也最低。在 0pk 中，来自豆科根瘤菌固定的氮允许生产中等可存活种子量（28,485 m ^-2年^-1) 具有中等杂草种子百分比 (14%) 和植被中最高的物种数 (42) 并作为种子收集。000年种子量最低（8310 m ^-2年^-1)，但种子混合物中的物种数 (40) 和杂草百分比 (39%) 较高。自然价值和审美价值在 0pk 和 000 之间没有显着差异。 NPK 中 P 土壤含量显着增加，而 P 和 K 的减少或不显着增加在 0pk 和 000 中记录。矿物 0pk 施肥允许相对较高的种子产量和高通过避免可能影响环境的氮肥的分布，豆类和草本植物的丰富性。对于从半天然草原生产许多本地物种的环保种子混合物，这种策略似乎是一个不错的选择。