The increasing comprehension of molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer and the discovery of targetable genomic alterations has dramatically change the pathological approach to lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This unstoppable knowledge has taken pathologists to the leading front on lung cancer management. This is especially relevant in the world of cytopathology where “doing more with less” is a daily challenge. Nowadays with a growing number of predictive biomarkers needed to manage patients with NSCLC, there has been a paradigm shift in care and handling of diagnostic samples. One of the main emphasis and interest relies on the utilization of cytologic samples and small biopsies for not only diagnostic purposes but also for ancillary testing. Moreover, lung cytopathology is in continuous evolutions with implementation of new diagnostic techniques, new tools, and facing new challenges. The goal of this paper will be to provide the reader with the necessary concepts than can be used to exploit the cytological samples in order to use these samples for comprehensive diagnosis and relevant ancillary testing purposes.

中文翻译：

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肺细胞学中的分子/生物标志物检测：实用方法

对肺癌潜在分子机制的深入了解和可靶向基因组改变的发现极大地改变了肺癌的病理学方法，尤其是非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC)。这种不可阻挡的知识已将病理学家带到了肺癌管理的前沿。这在细胞病理学领域尤其重要，因为“少花钱多办事”是一项日常挑战。如今，随着管理 NSCLC 患者所需的预测性生物标志物越来越多，诊断样本的护理和处理发生了范式转变。主要重点和兴趣之一依赖于细胞学样本和小活检的利用，不仅用于诊断目的，而且用于辅助测试。而且，肺细胞病理学随着新诊断技术、新工具的实施而不断发展，并面临着新的挑战。本文的目的是为读者提供必要的概念，这些概念可用于利用细胞学样本，以便将这些样本用于综合诊断和相关辅助测试目的。