Impairment of immune tolerance might cause autologous tissue damage or overactive immune response against non-pathogenic molecules. Although autoimmune disease and allergy have complicated pathologies, the current strategies have mainly focused on symptom amelioration or systemic immunosuppression which can lead to fatal adverse events. The induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance may provide therapeutic benefits to autoimmune disease and allergic response, while reducing nonspecific immune adverse responses. Diverse nanomaterials have been studied to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy. This review will cover the immunological background of antigen-specific tolerance, clinical importance of antigen-specific immune tolerance, and nanomaterials designed for autoimmune and allergic diseases. As nanomaterials for modulating immune tolerances, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and biological carriers have been covered. Strategies to provide antigen-specific immune tolerance have been addressed. Finally, current challenges and perspectives of nanomaterials for antigen-specific immune tolerance therapy will be discussed.

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用于抗原特异性免疫耐受治疗的纳米材料

免疫耐受性受损可能会导致自体组织损伤或针对非致病分子的过度活跃的免疫反应。尽管自身免疫性疾病和过敏具有复杂的病理学，但目前的策略主要集中在症状改善或全身免疫抑制上，这可能导致致命的不良事件。抗原特异性免疫耐受的诱导可能为自身免疫性疾病和过敏反应提供治疗益处，同时减少非特异性免疫不良反应。已研究了多种纳米材料来诱导抗原特异性免疫耐受疗法。本综述将涵盖抗原特异性耐受的免疫学背景、抗原特异性免疫耐受的临床重要性以及针对自身免疫和过敏性疾病设计的纳米材料。作为调节免疫耐受的纳米材料，包括脂质纳米颗粒、聚合物纳米颗粒和生物载体。提供抗原特异性免疫耐受的策略已经得到解决。最后，将讨论纳米材料用于抗原特异性免疫耐受治疗的当前挑战和前景。

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