Microplastic debris is a globally ubiquitous pollutant with diverse consequences for fishes, ranging from severe negative impacts to neutral, or even, positive effects. In the present study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies to test for the impacts of microplastic exposure on freshwater, estuarine and marine fishes across diverse taxonomies, geographies, and ecosystem contexts. We report evidence for the detrimental, albeit variable, impacts of microplastics, including reduced consumption, altered feeding behavior, obstructed digestion and assimilation, decreased growth, and compromised immunity. By contrast, microplastics appeared to invoke neutral responses in several other ecological and physiological processes, such as body condition, fecundity, hatching success and survival. The results from this study also point to the mismatch between the types, shapes, and sizes of microplastics investigated in experimental settings versus those found in fish in the wild, as well as a striking difference between the 728 fish species investigated for microplastic contamination in the wild versus the only 22 fish species evaluated for the effects of microplastics in the laboratory. The present study reiterates the necessity for more consistent methodological approaches to analyzing and reporting the effects of microplastic exposure, including greater taxonomic breadth and the use of environmentally relevant polymers in future studies. Furthermore, model simulations that explore individual- and population-level implications of realistic exposure scenarios are needed. Overall, the current weight of evidence supports continued management and policy actions to reduce the microplastic production, use, and release into the world's waters.

中文翻译：

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全球荟萃分析揭示了微塑料对淡水和海洋鱼类的不同影响

微塑料碎片是一种全球普遍存在的污染物，对鱼类具有多种影响，从严重的负面影响到中性甚至积极影响。在本研究中，我们对实验和观察研究进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析，以测试微塑料暴露对不同分类、地理和生态系统环境的淡水、河口和海洋鱼类的影响。我们报告了微塑料的有害影响（尽管变化多端）的证据，包括减少消耗、改变进食行为、阻碍消化和同化、减少生长和降低免疫力。相比之下，微塑料似乎在其他几个生态和生理过程中引起中性反应，例如身体状况、繁殖力、孵化成功和生存。这项研究的结果还指出，在实验环境中调查的微塑料的类型、形状和大小与在野生鱼类中发现的不匹配，以及在 728 种被调查的微塑料污染鱼类之间存在显着差异。野生鱼类与实验室中评估微塑料影响的仅有的 22 种鱼类。本研究重申有必要采用更一致的方法学方法来分析和报告微塑料暴露的影响，包括更大的分类学广度和在未来研究中使用与环境相关的聚合物。此外，还需要模型模拟来探索现实暴露情景对个人和人口水平的影响。全面的，