Infants can help and share in the second year of life. However, there is limited knowledge as to variability in these behaviors as a function of target (e.g., caregiver vs. unfamiliar adult) and the influence of caregiver support on infant prosocial behavior. Infants (N = 268, 124 female) at 1-2 years of age (M = 1.47, SD = .27) and again at 2-3 years of age (M = 2.48, SD = .26) participated in a helping task (with the caregiver or unfamiliar experimenter), a sharing task (with either target), and a free-play observation with their primary caregiver from which caregiver support was coded. The racial and ethnic composition of the sample consisted of 3% Asian, 10% Black, 20% Hispanic, 59% White, 1% mixed race, and 6% "other." Median family annual income was $50,000 to $59,000, and median caregiver education level was "some college." Infant helping favored caregivers at both time points. However, infant sharing did not differ by target for 1-2-year-olds, but 2-3-year-olds shared more with their caregivers than an unfamiliar experimenter. Additionally, infants' behaviors antecedent to the act of helping or sharing (e.g., latency to respond, checking behaviors, and looking duration toward the target) differed by target. Concurrent relations between caregiver support and helping and sharing were moderated by age and differed by time point. Caregiver support for 1-2-year-olds also longitudinally predicted an age-moderated relation with 2-3-year-olds' helping toward an unfamiliar experimenter. Theoretical implications for the role of socialization in the emergence of helping and sharing behaviors are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

婴儿在第二年和第三年的帮助和分享行为的变化：目标和社会化的不同角色。

婴儿可以在生命的第二年帮助和分享。然而，关于这些行为的可变性作为目标（例如，照顾者与不熟悉的成人）的函数以及照顾者支持对婴儿亲社会行为的影响的知识有限。1-2 岁 (M = 1.47, SD = .27) 和 2-3 岁 (M = 2.48, SD = .26) 的婴儿（N = 268，124 名女性）参与了帮助任务（与看护者或不熟悉的实验者），一项共享任务（与任一目标），以及与他们的主要看护者的自由游戏观察，从中编码看护者支持。样本的种族和民族构成包括 3% 的亚裔、10% 的黑人、20% 的西班牙裔、59% 的白人、1% 的混血儿和 6% 的“其他”。家庭年收入中位数为 50,000 美元至 59,000 美元，看护人的教育水平中位数为“大学程度”。