The literature at the intersection of global norms and transnational advocacy typically equates target states’ foreign constituencies with those exerting normative pressure on the states in question on behalf of their domestic constituencies. Another type of foreign constituency remains undertheorized: foreign nationals as rights claimants who make normative claims against target states, such as victims of colonization seeking redress or refugees demanding their rights protection. I argue that states, including robust democracies otherwise well socialized into global norms, respond differently to compliance pressures from these two types of foreign compliance constituencies. In what I call dual norm dynamics, states may regress in their norm practices when it comes to foreign claimants while at the same time deepening their normative commitments to the international community as a whole. In an unintended consequence of norm diffusion, norm regress in target states for foreign claimants may occur as a result of successful transnational norm advocacy on their behalf. To demonstrate the empirical utility of dual norm dynamics, I look at the transnational redress movement for Korean “comfort women.”

中文翻译：

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跨国倡导、规范回归和外国合规选区：“慰安妇”纠正运动案例

全球规范与跨国倡导交叉的文献通常将目标国家的外国选民等同于代表其国内选民对有关国家施加规范压力的人。另一种类型的外国选民仍然缺乏理论化：作为权利要求者的外国国民对目标国家提出规范要求，例如寻求补救的殖民受害者或要求其权利保护的难民。我认为，国家，包括强大的民主国家，否则会很好地融入全球规范，对来自这两种外国合规选区的合规压力的反应不同。在我所说的双范数动力学中，当涉及到外国索赔人时，各国可能会倒退其规范做法，同时加深它们对整个国际社会的规范承诺。在规范传播的一个意想不到的后果中，目标国家对外国索赔人的规范倒退可能是由于代表他们成功地进行跨国规范倡导的结果。为了证明双重规范动态的经验效用，我研究了针对韩国“慰安妇”的跨国补救运动。