Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are gaining more and more attention from the scientific community due to their unique properties. One of the major concerns is to deliver the safest material possible on the market. To address this challenge, assessing the GBM ecotoxicity is required. Microbial communities are present in every environmental compartment, are at the basis of every trophic chain and endorse many essential roles in the environment and in engineered systems such as element cycling. Studies conducted on GBMs' impact mainly focused on the effect of GBMs towards mono species cultures of bacteria and algae, which are not environmentally relevant. This review examines recent advances about GBM effects on complex microbial communities, bringing together ecotoxicology and bioprocess engineering research, two major and complementary fields in environmental sciences. This review reveals the potential of GBMs to disrupt the growth of the communities but also their structure and diversity in a broad spectrum of environmental conditions. Multiple studies reported the disruption of carbon and nitrogen cycling throughout the perturbation of related species. Electron transfer, on which relies many bioprocesses, was also found to be enhanced. The fate of antibiotic resistance genes was also influenced. Moreover, communities seemed to exhibit a form of resilience through composition modifications and also by reducing the oxidation state of the GBMs. Nevertheless, GBMs are pointed out as disruptors of the structure and activity of microbial communities, which could lead to larger environmental consequences as these communities are at the basis of every ecosystem's health.

中文翻译：

---

基于石墨烯的纳米材料和微生物群落：从生态毒理学到生物过程工程视角的相互作用综述

石墨烯基材料（GBMs）由于其独特的特性而越来越受到科学界的关注。主要关注点之一是提供市场上最安全的材料。为了应对这一挑战，需要评估 GBM 的生态毒性。微生物群落存在于每个环境隔间中，是每个营养链的基础，并在环境和工程系统（如元素循环）中发挥着许多重要作用。对 GBM 的影响进行的研究主要集中在 GBM 对细菌和藻类的单一物种培养的影响，这与环境无关。本综述探讨了 GBM 对复杂微生物群落影响的最新进展，将生态毒理学和生物过程工程研究结合在一起，环境科学的两个主要和互补的领域。这篇综述揭示了 GBM 在广泛的环境条件下破坏社区发展及其结构和多样性的潜力。多项研究报告了在相关物种的整个扰动过程中碳和氮循环的破坏。还发现依赖于许多生物过程的电子转移也得到了增强。抗生素抗性基因的命运也受到影响。此外，社区似乎通过改变成分以及降低 GBM 的氧化态表现出一种复原力。然而，GBM 被指出是微生物群落结构和活动的破坏者，