Ludwik Gumplowicz (1838–1909) was one of the key figures of the early period of sociology. Polish Jew, born in Krakow, he was Professor of Public Law at the University of Graz. His theory focused on intergroup conflict, but also on the origins and functioning of the state. His 1897–1898 contribution Ibn Khaldun: An Arab Sociologist of the 14th Century is a highly original attempt to use Ibn Khaldun's philosophy of history to defend his own sociological concepts, including the role of group dynamics and the significance of political and cultural factors in the constitution of communities. Gumplowicz argues for the relevance of Ibn Khaldun's ideas for the world of late nineteenth century, with its hectic academic debates and its troubled politics.

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Ludwik Gumplowicz (1897–1898)，Ibn Khaldun：14 世纪的阿拉伯社会学家

Ludwik Gumplowicz (1838-1909) 是社会学早期的关键人物之一。波兰犹太人，出生于克拉科夫，曾任格拉茨大学公法教授。他的理论关注群体间冲突，也关注国家的起源和运作。他在 1897-1898 年的贡献《伊本·赫勒敦：14 世纪的阿拉伯社会学家》是一项极具原创性的尝试，旨在利用伊本·赫勒敦的历史哲学来捍卫自己的社会学概念，包括群体动力的作用以及政治和文化因素在社区的构成。Gumplowicz 论证了 Ibn Khaldun 的思想与 19 世纪后期世界的相关性，以及其激烈的学术辩论和陷入困境的政治。